python数据可视化学习

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最新推荐文章于 2024-05-16 11:09:42 发布

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分类专栏： python编程从入门到实践数据可视化文章标签： python 可视化恰饭

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/qq_44477568/article/details/110008908

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文章目录

前言
一、生成数据
二、随机漫步
三、使用Pygal模拟掷骰子
四、CSV
五、JSON
六、使用API

前言

这里用到了一些库请自行下载安装

一、生成数据

1.绘制简单的折线图

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

squares = [1,4,9,16,25]
plt.plot(squares)
plt.show()

在这里插入图片描述

2.修改标签文字和线条粗细

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

squares = [1,4,9,16,25]
plt.plot(squares,linewidth = 5)

#设置图表标题，并给坐标轴加上标签
plt.title("Square Numbers", fontsize = 24)
plt.xlabel("Value", fontsize = 14)
plt.ylabel("Square of Value", fontsize = 14)
#设置刻度标记大小
plt.tick_params(axis = 'both', labelsize = 14)
plt.show()

在这里插入图片描述

3.矫正图形

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

input_vaalues = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
squares = [1,4,9,16,25]
plt.plot(input_vaalues,squares,linewidth = 5)

#设置图表标题，并给坐标轴加上标签
plt.title("Square Numbers", fontsize = 24)
plt.xlabel("Value", fontsize = 14)
plt.ylabel("Square of Value", fontsize = 14)
#设置刻度标记大小
plt.tick_params(axis = 'both', labelsize = 14)
plt.show()

在这里插入图片描述

4.使用scatter()绘制散点图并设置其样式

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

#s设置点的尺寸
plt.scatter(2, 4, s=200)

#设置图表标题并给坐标轴加上标签
plt.title("Square Numbers", fontsize = 24)
plt.xlabel("Value", fontsize = 14)
plt.ylabel("Square of Value", fontsize = 14)

#设置刻度标记的大小
plt.tick_params(axis='both', which='major', labelsize=14)

plt.show()

在这里插入图片描述

5.使用scatter()绘制一系列点

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

x_values = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
y_values = [1, 4, 9, 16, 25]

plt.scatter(x_values,y_values, s=100)

#设置图表标题并给坐标轴加上标签
plt.title("Square Numbers", fontsize = 24)
plt.xlabel("Value", fontsize = 14)
plt.ylabel("Square of Value", fontsize = 14)

#设置刻度标记的大小
plt.tick_params(axis='both', which='major', labelsize=14)

plt.show()

在这里插入图片描述

6. 自动计算数据

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

x_values = list(range(1,1001))
y_values = [x**2 for x in x_values]

plt.scatter(x_values,y_values, s=40)

#设置图表标题并给坐标轴加上标签
plt.title("Square Numbers", fontsize = 24)
plt.xlabel("Value", fontsize = 14)
plt.ylabel("Square of Value", fontsize = 14)

#设置每个坐标轴的取值范围
plt.axis([0, 1100, 0, 1100000])

plt.show()

在这里插入图片描述

7. 删除数据点的轮廓

plt.scatter(x_values,y_values, edgecolor='none', s=40)

在这里插入图片描述

8.自定义颜色

plt.scatter(x_values,y_values, c='red', edgecolor='none', s=40)
#使用RGB颜色模式自定义颜色，可传递参数c，并将其设置为一个元组，其中包含三个0-1之间的小数值
plt.scatter(x_values,y_values, c=(0, 0, 0.8), edgecolor='none', s=40)

在这里插入图片描述

9. 使用颜色映射

颜色映射是一系列颜色，它们从其实颜色渐变到结束颜色，颜色映射用于突出数据的规律，例如你可能用较浅的颜色来显示较小的值，并使用较深的颜色来显示较大的值

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

x_values = list(range(1,1001))
y_values = [x**2 for x in x_values]

plt.scatter(x_values,y_values, c=y_values, cmap=plt.cm.Blues,edgecolor='none', s=40)

#设置图表标题并给坐标轴加上标签
plt.title("Square Numbers", fontsize = 24)
plt.xlabel("Value", fontsize = 14)
plt.ylabel("Square of Value", fontsize = 14)

#设置每个坐标轴的取值范围
plt.axis([0, 1100, 0, 1100000])

plt.show()

在这里插入图片描述

10.自动保存图表

#将对plt.show()的调用替换为对plt.savefig()的调用
#第一个参数指定要以什么样的文件名保存图表，这个文件将存储到代码所在的目录中，第二个实参指定将图表多余的空白区域裁剪掉
plt.savefig('squares_plot.png',bbox_inches='tight')

二、随机漫步

使用python来生成随机漫步数据，再使用matplotlib以引人瞩目的方式将这些数据呈现出来

1.创建RandomWalk()类

random_walk.py

from random import choice

class RandomWalk():
    """一个生成随机漫步数据的类"""

    def __init__(self, num_points=5000):
        """初始化随机漫步的属性"""
        self.num_points = num_points

        # 所有随机漫步都始于(0,0)
        self.x_values = [0]
        self.y_values = [0]

    def fill_walk(self):
        """计算随机漫步包含的所有点"""

        # 不断漫步，直到列表到达指定的长度
        while len(self.x_values) < self.num_points:

            # 决定前进方向以及沿这个方向前进的距离
            x_direction = choice([1,-1])
            x_distance = choice([0, 1, 2, 3, 4])
            x_step = x_direction * x_distance

            y_direction = choice([1, -1])
            y_distance = choice([0, 1, 2, 3, 4])
            y_step = y_direction * y_distance

            # 拒绝原地踏步
            if x_step == 0 and y_step == 0:
                continue

            #计算下一个点的x和y值
            next_x = self.x_values[-1] + x_step
            next_y = self.y_values[-1] + y_step

            self.x_values.append(next_x)
            self.y_values.append(next_y)

2.绘制随机漫步图

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

from random_walk import RandomWalk

# 创建一个RandomWalk示例，并将其包含的点都绘制出来
rw = RandomWalk()
rw.fill_walk()
plt.scatter(rw.x_values,rw.y_values,s=15)
plt.show()

在这里插入图片描述

3.模拟多次随机漫步

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

from random_walk import RandomWalk
while True:
    # 创建一个RandomWalk示例，并将其包含的点都绘制出来
    rw = RandomWalk()
    rw.fill_walk()
    plt.scatter(rw.x_values,rw.y_values,s=15)
    plt.show()

    keep_running = input("Make another walk?(y/n)")
    if keep_running=='n':
        break

4.给点着色

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

from random_walk import RandomWalk
while True:
    # 创建一个RandomWalk示例，并将其包含的点都绘制出来
    rw = RandomWalk()
    rw.fill_walk()

    #给点着色
    point_numbers = list(range(rw.num_points))
    plt.scatter(rw.x_values,rw.y_values,c=point_numbers,cmap=plt.cm.Blues,edgecolor='none',s=15)

    plt.show()
    keep_running = input("Make another walk?(y/n)")
    if keep_running=='n':
        break

在这里插入图片描述

5.美化

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

from random_walk import RandomWalk
while True:
    # 创建一个RandomWalk示例，并将其包含的点都绘制出来
    rw = RandomWalk(50000)
    rw.fill_walk()
    #设置绘图窗口的尺寸
    plt.figure(figsize=(10,6))

    # 给点着色
    point_numbers = list(range(rw.num_points))
    plt.scatter(rw.x_values, rw.y_values, c=point_numbers, cmap=plt.cm.Blues, edgecolor='none', s=1)

    #突出起点和终点
    plt.scatter(0,0,c='green',edgecolors='none',s=100)
    plt.scatter(rw.x_values[-1],rw.y_values[-1],c='red',edgecolors='none',s=100)

    #隐藏坐标轴
    plt.axes().get_xaxis().set_visible(False)
    #或者使用   plt.gca().get_xaxis().set_visible(False)
    plt.axes().get_yaxis().set_visible(False)

    plt.show()
    keep_running = input("Make another walk?(y/n)")
    if keep_running=='n':
        break

在这里插入图片描述

三、使用Pygal模拟掷骰子

使用python可视化包pygal来生成可缩放的矢量图形文件。

1.创建Die类

die.py

from random import randint

class Die():
    """表示一个骰子的类"""

    def __init__(self,num_sides=6):
        """骰子默认为6面"""
        self.num_sides = num_sides

    def roll(self):
        """返回一个位于1和骰子面数之间的随机值"""
        return randint(1,self.num_sides)

2.掷骰子

from die import Die

#创建一个D6
die = Die()

#掷几次骰子，并将结果存储在一个列表中
results = []
for roll_num in range(1000):
    result = die.roll()
    results.append(result)

#分析结果
frequencies = []
for value in range(1,die.num_sides+1):
    frequency = results.count(value)
    frequencies.append(frequency)

3.绘制直方图

import pygal

from die import Die

#创建一个D6
die = Die()

#掷几次骰子，并将结果存储在一个列表中
results = []
for roll_num in range(1000):
    result = die.roll()
    results.append(result)

#分析结果
frequencies = []
for value in range(1,die.num_sides+1):
    frequency = results.count(value)
    frequencies.append(frequency)

#对结果进行可视化
hist = pygal.Bar()

hist.title = "Results of rolling one D6 1000 times"
hist.x_labels = ['1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6']
hist.x_title = "Result"
hist.y_title = "Frequency of Result"

hist.add('D6', frequencies)
hist.render_to_file('die_visual.svg')

在这里插入图片描述

4. 同时掷两个骰子

import pygal

from die import Die

#创建两个D6骰子
die_1 = Die()
die_2 = Die()

#掷骰子多次，并将结果存储在一个列表中
results = []
for roll_num in range(1000):
    result = die_1.roll() + die_2.roll()
    results.append(result)

#分析结果
frequencies = []
max_result = die_1.num_sides + die_2.num_sides
for value in range(2,max_result+1):
    frequency = results.count(value)
    frequencies.append(frequency)

#对结果进行可视化
hist = pygal.Bar()

hist.title = "Results of rolling one D6 1000 times"
hist.x_labels = ['2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9', '10', '11', '12']
hist.x_title = "Result"
hist.y_title = "Frequency of Result"

hist.add('D6+D6', frequencies)
hist.render_to_file('die_visual.svg')

在这里插入图片描述

5.同时掷两个面数不同的骰子

import pygal

from die import Die

#创建两个D6骰子
die_1 = Die()
die_2 = Die(10)

#掷骰子多次，并将结果存储在一个列表中
results = []
for roll_num in range(50000):
    result = die_1.roll() + die_2.roll()
    results.append(result)

#分析结果
frequencies = []
max_result = die_1.num_sides + die_2.num_sides
for value in range(2,max_result+1):
    frequency = results.count(value)
    frequencies.append(frequency)

#对结果进行可视化
hist = pygal.Bar()

hist.title = "Results of rolling a D6 and D10 50,000 times"
hist.x_labels = ['2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9', '10', '11', '12', '13', '14', '15', '16']
hist.x_title = "Result"
hist.y_title = "Frequency of Result"

hist.add('D6+D10', frequencies)
hist.render_to_file('die_visual.svg')

在这里插入图片描述

四、CSV

这是CSV数据天气数据，大家可以复制粘贴保存为 sitka_weather_07-2018_simple.csv

"STATION","NAME","DATE","PRCP","TAVG","TMAX","TMIN"
"USW00025333","SITKA AIRPORT, AK US","2018-07-01","0.25",,"62","50"
"USW00025333","SITKA AIRPORT, AK US","2018-07-02","0.01",,"58","53"
"USW00025333","SITKA AIRPORT, AK US","2018-07-03","0.00",,"70","54"
"USW00025333","SITKA AIRPORT, AK US","2018-07-04","0.00",,"70","55"
"USW00025333","SITKA AIRPORT, AK US","2018-07-05","0.00",,"67","55"
"USW00025333","SITKA AIRPORT, AK US","2018-07-06","0.00",,"59","55"
"USW00025333","SITKA AIRPORT, AK US","2018-07-07","0.00",,"58","55"
"USW00025333","SITKA AIRPORT, AK US","2018-07-08","0.00",,"62","54"
"USW00025333","SITKA AIRPORT, AK US","2018-07-09","0.00",,"66","55"
"USW00025333","SITKA AIRPORT, AK US","2018-07-10","0.44",,"59","53"
"USW00025333","SITKA AIRPORT, AK US","2018-07-11","0.29",,"56","50"
"USW00025333","SITKA AIRPORT, AK US","2018-07-12","0.02",,"63","49"
"USW00025333","SITKA AIRPORT, AK US","2018-07-13","0.00",,"65","48"
"USW00025333","SITKA AIRPORT, AK US","2018-07-14","0.32",,"58","52"
"USW00025333","SITKA AIRPORT, AK US","2018-07-15","0.75",,"56","52"
"USW00025333","SITKA AIRPORT, AK US","2018-07-16","0.61",,"59","52"
"USW00025333","SITKA AIRPORT, AK US","2018-07-17","0.00",,"64","52"
"USW00025333","SITKA AIRPORT, AK US","2018-07-18","0.16",,"60","53"
"USW00025333","SITKA AIRPORT, AK US","2018-07-19","0.14",,"60","53"
"USW00025333","SITKA AIRPORT, AK US","2018-07-20","0.00",,"61","56"
"USW00025333","SITKA AIRPORT, AK US","2018-07-21","0.00",,"65","55"
"USW00025333","SITKA AIRPORT, AK US","2018-07-22","0.00",,"65","54"
"USW00025333","SITKA AIRPORT, AK US","2018-07-23","0.00",,"63","54"
"USW00025333","SITKA AIRPORT, AK US","2018-07-24","0.00",,"59","52"
"USW00025333","SITKA AIRPORT, AK US","2018-07-25","0.00",,"64","52"
"USW00025333","SITKA AIRPORT, AK US","2018-07-26","0.00",,"65","58"
"USW00025333","SITKA AIRPORT, AK US","2018-07-27","0.00",,"68","58"
"USW00025333","SITKA AIRPORT, AK US","2018-07-28","0.00",,"66","56"
"USW00025333","SITKA AIRPORT, AK US","2018-07-29","0.00",,"64","56"
"USW00025333","SITKA AIRPORT, AK US","2018-07-30","0.00",,"67","58"
"USW00025333","SITKA AIRPORT, AK US","2018-07-31","0.00",,"65","56"

1.分析CSV文件头

import csv

filename = 'sitka_weather_07-2018_simple.csv'
with open(filename) as f:
    reader = csv.reader(f)
    header_row = next(reader)
    print(header_row)
# ['STATION', 'NAME', 'DATE', 'PRCP', 'TAVG', 'TMAX', 'TMIN']

2.打印文件头及其位置

import csv

filename = 'sitka_weather_07-2018_simple.csv'
with open(filename) as f:
    reader = csv.reader(f)
    header_row = next(reader)

    for index,column_header in enumerate(header_row):
        print(index, column_header)

在这里插入图片描述

3.获取最高温度

import csv

filename = 'sitka_weather_07-2018_simple.csv'
with open(filename) as f:
    reader = csv.reader(f)
    header_row = next(reader)

    highs =[]
    for row in reader:
        highs.append(int(row[5]))

    print(highs)
#[62, 58, 70, 70, 67, 59, 58, 62, 66, 59, 56, 63, 65, 58, 56, 59, 64, 60, 60, 61, 65, 65, 63, 59, 64, 65, 68, 66, 64, 67, 65]

4.绘制气温图表

import csv
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt

filename = 'sitka_weather_07-2018_simple.csv'
with open(filename) as f:
    reader = csv.reader(f)
    header_row = next(reader)

    highs =[]
    for row in reader:
        highs.append(int(row[5]))

    # 根据数据绘制图形
    fig = plt.figure(dpi=128, figsize=(10,6))
    plt.plot(highs, c='red')

    #设置图形的格式
    plt.title("Daily high temperatures,July 2018",fontsize=24)
    plt.xlabel('',fontsize=16)
    plt.ylabel("Temperature (F)",fontsize=16)
    plt.tick_params(axis='both',which='major', labelsize=16)

    plt.show()

在这里插入图片描述

5.在图表中添加日期

import csv
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt

from datetime import datetime

filename = 'sitka_weather_07-2018_simple.csv'
with open(filename) as f:
    reader = csv.reader(f)
    header_row = next(reader)

    dates, highs = [] ,[]
    for row in reader:
        current_date = datetime.strptime(row[2],"%Y-%m-%d" )
        dates.append(current_date)
        highs.append(int(row[5]))

    # 根据数据绘制图形
    fig = plt.figure(dpi=128, figsize=(10,6))
    plt.plot(dates, highs, c='red')

    #设置图形的格式
    plt.title("Daily high temperatures,July 2018",fontsize=24)
    plt.xlabel('',fontsize=16)
    fig.autofmt_xdate()
    plt.ylabel("Temperature (F)",fontsize=16)
    plt.tick_params(axis='both',which='major', labelsize=16)

    plt.show()

在这里插入图片描述

6.再绘制一个数据序列

import csv
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt

from datetime import datetime

filename = 'sitka_weather_07-2018_simple.csv'
with open(filename) as f:
    reader = csv.reader(f)
    header_row = next(reader)

    dates, highs, lows = [], [], []
    for row in reader:
        current_date = datetime.strptime(row[2],"%Y-%m-%d" )
        dates.append(current_date)
        highs.append(int(row[5]))
        lows.append(int(row[6]))

    # 根据数据绘制图形
    fig = plt.figure(dpi=128, figsize=(10,6))
    plt.plot(dates, highs, c='red')
    plt.plot(dates,lows,c='blue')

    #设置图形的格式
    plt.title("Daily high and low temperatures,July 2018",fontsize=24)
    plt.xlabel('',fontsize=16)
    fig.autofmt_xdate()
    plt.ylabel("Temperature (F)",fontsize=16)
    plt.tick_params(axis='both',which='major', labelsize=16)

    plt.show()

在这里插入图片描述

7.给图表区域着色

import csv
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt

from datetime import datetime

filename = 'sitka_weather_07-2018_simple.csv'
with open(filename) as f:
    reader = csv.reader(f)
    header_row = next(reader)

    dates, highs, lows = [], [], []
    for row in reader:
        current_date = datetime.strptime(row[2],"%Y-%m-%d" )
        dates.append(current_date)
        highs.append(int(row[5]))
        lows.append(int(row[6]))

    # 根据数据绘制图形
    fig = plt.figure(dpi=128, figsize=(10,6))
    #参数alpha指定颜色的透明度，0表示完全透明，1表示完全不透明
    plt.plot(dates, highs, c='red', alpha=0.5)
    plt.plot(dates,lows,c='blue',alpha=0.5)
    plt.fill_between(dates,highs,lows,facecolor='blue',alpha=0.1)

    #设置图形的格式
    plt.title("Daily high and low temperatures,July 2018",fontsize=24)
    plt.xlabel('',fontsize=16)
    fig.autofmt_xdate()
    plt.ylabel("Temperature (F)",fontsize=16)
    plt.tick_params(axis='both',which='major', labelsize=16)

    plt.show()

在这里插入图片描述

8.错误检查

使用的很多数据集都可能缺失数据、数据格式不正确或者数据本身不正确，可以使用try-except-else 代码块来处理数据缺失的情况。

import csv
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt

from datetime import datetime

filename = 'sitka_weather_07-2018_simple.csv'
with open(filename) as f:
    reader = csv.reader(f)
    header_row = next(reader)

    dates, highs, lows = [], [], []
    for row in reader:
        try:
            current_date = datetime.strptime(row[2],"%Y-%m-%d" )
            high = int(row[5])
            low = int(row[6])
        except:
            print(current_date,'missing data')
        else:
            dates.append(current_date)
            highs.append()
            lows.append()

    # 根据数据绘制图形
    fig = plt.figure(dpi=128, figsize=(10,6))
    #参数alpha指定颜色的透明度，0表示完全透明，1表示完全不透明
    plt.plot(dates, highs, c='red', alpha=0.5)
    plt.plot(dates,lows,c='blue',alpha=0.5)
    plt.fill_between(dates,highs,lows,facecolor='blue',alpha=0.1)

    #设置图形的格式
    plt.title("Daily high and low temperatures,July 2018",fontsize=24)
    plt.xlabel('',fontsize=16)
    fig.autofmt_xdate()
    plt.ylabel("Temperature (F)",fontsize=16)
    plt.tick_params(axis='both',which='major', labelsize=16)

    plt.show()

五、JSON

json格式人口数据
链接：https://pan.baidu.com/s/1hsYd6CZKgZ3U16tmsd4PcQ
提取码：iq5k

1.读取json数据

world_population.py

import json

#将数据加载到一个列表中
filename = 'population_data.json'
with open(filename) as f:
    pop_data = json.load(f)

#打印每个国家2010年的人口数量
for pop_dict in pop_data:
    if pop_dict['Year'] == '2010':
        country_name = pop_dict['Country Name']
        #json存储的都是字符串，需要将字符串转换为整数
        population = int(float(pop_dict['Value']))
        print(country_name + ": " + str(population))

2.获取两个字母的国别码

Pygal中的地图制作工具要求数据为特定的格式：用国别码表示国家，以及用数字表示人口数量。Pygal使用的国别码存储在模块 pygal_maps_world.i18n(internationalization)
population_data.json中包含的是三个字母的国别码，但pygal中包含的是两个字母的国别码，故需要获得两个字母的国别码。字典COUNTRIES中包含的键和值分别为两个字母的国别码和国家名

country_codes.py

import pygal.maps.world
# 导入世界地图包pygal_maps_world

def get_country_code(country_name):
    """根据指定的国家，返回Pygal使用的两个字母的国别码"""
    for code,name in pygal.maps.world.COUNTRIES.items():
        if name == country_name:
            return code
    # 如果没有找到指定的国家，就返回NONE
    return None

3.获取国别码和人口数据

world_population.py

import json
from country_codes import get_country_code

#将数据加载到一个列表中
filename = 'population_data.json'
with open(filename) as f:
    pop_data = json.load(f)

#打印每个国家2010年的人口数量
for pop_dict in pop_data:
    if pop_dict['Year'] == '2010':
        country_name = pop_dict['Country Name']
        #json存储的都是字符串，需要将字符串转换为整数
        population = int(float(pop_dict['Value']))
        code = get_country_code(country_name)
        if code:
            print(code + ": " + str(population))
        else:
            print('ERROR - '+ country_name)

4.制作世界地图

world_population.py

import json

import pygal.maps.world
from country_codes import get_country_code

#将数据加载到一个列表中
filename = 'population_data.json'
with open(filename) as f:
    pop_data = json.load(f)

# 创建一个包含人口数量的字典
cc_populations = {}

#打印每个国家2010年的人口数量
for pop_dict in pop_data:
    if pop_dict['Year'] == '2010':
        country_name = pop_dict['Country Name']
        #json存储的都是字符串，需要将字符串转换为整数
        population = int(float(pop_dict['Value']))
        code = get_country_code(country_name)
        if code:
            cc_populations[code] = population

wm = pygal.maps.world.World()
wm.title = 'World Population in 2010, by Country'
wm.add('2010',cc_populations)

wm.render_to_file('world_population.svg')

在这里插入图片描述

5. 根据人口数量对国家分组

world_population.py

import json

import pygal.maps.world
from country_codes import get_country_code

#将数据加载到一个列表中
filename = 'population_data.json'
with open(filename) as f:
    pop_data = json.load(f)

# 创建一个包含人口数量的字典
cc_populations = {}

#打印每个国家2010年的人口数量
for pop_dict in pop_data:
    if pop_dict['Year'] == '2010':
        country_name = pop_dict['Country Name']
        #json存储的都是字符串，需要将字符串转换为整数
        population = int(float(pop_dict['Value']))
        code = get_country_code(country_name)
        if code:
            cc_populations[code] = population
## 根据人口数量将所有的国家分成三组
cc_pops_1, cc_pops_2, cc_pops_3 = {}, {}, {}
for cc,pop in cc_populations.items():
    if pop < 10000000:
        cc_pops_1[cc] = pop
    elif pop < 1000000000:
        cc_pops_2[cc] = pop
    else:
        cc_pops_3[cc] = pop


wm = pygal.maps.world.World()
wm.title = 'World Population in 2010, by Country'
wm.add('0-10m',cc_pops_1)
wm.add('10m-1bn',cc_pops_2)
wm.add('>1bn',cc_pops_3)

wm.render_to_file('world_population.svg')

在这里插入图片描述

6.使用pygal设置世界地图的样式

import json

import pygal.maps.world
from pygal.style import RotateStyle
from country_codes import get_country_code

#将数据加载到一个列表中
filename = 'population_data.json'
with open(filename) as f:
    pop_data = json.load(f)

# 创建一个包含人口数量的字典
cc_populations = {}

#打印每个国家2010年的人口数量
for pop_dict in pop_data:
    if pop_dict['Year'] == '2010':
        country_name = pop_dict['Country Name']
        #json存储的都是字符串，需要将字符串转换为整数
        population = int(float(pop_dict['Value']))
        code = get_country_code(country_name)
        if code:
            cc_populations[code] = population
## 根据人口数量将所有的国家分成三组
cc_pops_1, cc_pops_2, cc_pops_3 = {}, {}, {}
for cc,pop in cc_populations.items():
    if pop < 10000000:
        cc_pops_1[cc] = pop
    elif pop < 1000000000:
        cc_pops_2[cc] = pop
    else:
        cc_pops_3[cc] = pop

wm_style = RotateStyle('#336699')
wm = pygal.maps.world.World(style=wm_style)
wm.title = 'World Population in 2010, by Country'
wm.add('0-10m',cc_pops_1)
wm.add('10m-1bn',cc_pops_2)
wm.add('>1bn',cc_pops_3)

wm.render_to_file('world_population.svg')

在这里插入图片描述

六、使用API

Web API是网站的一部分，用于与使用非常具体的URL请求特定信息的程序交互。这种请求称为API调用。请求的数据以易于处理的格式（如JSON和CSV）返回。依赖于外部数据源的大多数应用程序都依赖于API调用。
点此链接将以JSON格式返回GitHub上最受欢迎的python项目的详细信息

1.处理API响应

import requests

#执行API调用并存储响应
url = 'https://api.github.com/search/repositories?q=language:python&sort=stars'
r = requests.get(url)
print("Status code:",r.status_code)

#将API响应存储在一个变量中
response_dict = r.json()
print("Total repositories: " + str(response_dict['total_count']))

#探索有关仓库的信息
repo_dicts = response_dict['items']
print("Repositories returnd: ", len(repo_dicts))

# 研究第一个仓库
repo_dict = repo_dicts[0]

print("\nSelected information about first repository")
print('Name: ',repo_dict['name'])
print('Owner: ',repo_dict['owner']['login'])
print('Stars: ',repo_dict['stargazers_count'])
print('Repository: ',repo_dict['html_url'])
print('Created: ',repo_dict['created_at'])
print('Updateed: ',repo_dict['updated_at'])
print('Description: ',repo_dict['description'])

点此链接可以查看API的速率限制

2.使用Pygal可视化仓库

import requests
import pygal
from pygal.style import LightColorizedStyle as LCS, LightenStyle as LS

#执行API调用并存储响应
url = 'https://api.github.com/search/repositories?q=language:python&sort=stars'
r = requests.get(url)
print("Status code:",r.status_code)

#将API响应存储在一个变量中
response_dict = r.json()
print("Total repositories: " + str(response_dict['total_count']))

#探索有关仓库的信息
repo_dicts = response_dict['items']

names,stars = [], []
for repo_dict in repo_dicts:
    names.append(repo_dict['name'])
    stars.append(repo_dict['stargazers_count'])

#可视化
my_style = LS('#333366',base_style=LCS)
chart = pygal.Bar(style=my_style,x_label_rotation=45,show_legend=False)
chart.title = 'Most-Starred Python Projects on GitHub'
chart.x_labels = names

chart.add('',stars)
chart.render_to_file('python_repos.svg')

在这里插入图片描述

3.改进样式

import requests
import pygal
from pygal.style import LightColorizedStyle as LCS, LightenStyle as LS

#执行API调用并存储响应
url = 'https://api.github.com/search/repositories?q=language:python&sort=stars'
r = requests.get(url)
print("Status code:",r.status_code)

#将API响应存储在一个变量中
response_dict = r.json()
print("Total repositories: " + str(response_dict['total_count']))

#探索有关仓库的信息
repo_dicts = response_dict['items']

names,stars = [], []
for repo_dict in repo_dicts:
    names.append(repo_dict['name'])
    stars.append(repo_dict['stargazers_count'])

#可视化
my_style = LS('#333366',base_style=LCS)

my_config = pygal.Config()
my_config.x_label_rotation = 45
my_config.show_legend = False
my_config.title_font_size = 24
my_config.label_font_size = 14
my_config.major_label_font_size = 18
my_config.truncate_label = 15
my_config.show_y_guides = False
my_config.width = 1000

chart = pygal.Bar(my_config,style=my_style)
chart.title = 'Most-Starred Python Projects on GitHub'
chart.x_labels = names

chart.add('',stars)
chart.render_to_file('python_repos.svg')

在这里插入图片描述

4. 添加自定义工具提示和链接

import requests
import pygal
from pygal.style import LightColorizedStyle as LCS, LightenStyle as LS

#执行API调用并存储响应
url = 'https://api.github.com/search/repositories?q=language:python&sort=stars'
r = requests.get(url)
print("Status code:",r.status_code)

#将API响应存储在一个变量中
response_dict = r.json()
print("Total repositories: " + str(response_dict['total_count']))

#探索有关仓库的信息
repo_dicts = response_dict['items']

names,plot_dicts = [], []
for repo_dict in repo_dicts:
    names.append(repo_dict['name'])

    plot_dict ={
        'value': repo_dict['stargazers_count'],
        'label': str(repo_dict['description']),
        'xlink':repo_dict['html_url']
        }
    plot_dicts.append(plot_dict)


#可视化
my_style = LS('#333366',base_style=LCS)

my_config = pygal.Config()
my_config.x_label_rotation = 45
my_config.show_legend = False
my_config.title_font_size = 24
my_config.label_font_size = 14
my_config.major_label_font_size = 18
my_config.truncate_label = 15
my_config.show_y_guides = False
my_config.width = 1000

chart = pygal.Bar(my_config,style=my_style)
chart.title = 'Most-Starred Python Projects on GitHub'
chart.x_labels = names

chart.add('',plot_dicts)
chart.render_to_file('python_repos.svg')

在这里插入图片描述

猥琐大叔！！

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