5 Servlet

最新推荐文章于 2023-05-03 11:03:55 发布

破剑茶寮

最新推荐文章于 2023-05-03 11:03:55 发布

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分类专栏： JavaWeb

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/qq_44633875/article/details/117533035

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Servlet

简介

Servlet是sun公司开发动态web的一门技术
sun公司在这些api中提供了一个接口：Servlet。
开发Servlet程序要两个步骤
- 编写一个类实现Servlet接口
- 把开发好的java类都部署到web服务器中

把实现了Servlet接口的java程序叫做Servlet

HelloServlet

Servlet接口有两个默认的实现类：HttpServlet、GenericServlet

1、构建一个普通的maven项目，删掉src目录，创建一个Moudel，这个空的工程就是Maven主工程

2、关于Maven父子工程：

父项目中会有

<modules>
    <module>servlet-01</module>
</modules>

子项目中会有

<parent>
    <artifactId>javaweb-02-servlet</artifactId>
    <groupId>org.example</groupId>
    <version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
</parent>

父项目中的jar包子项目可以直接使用

3、Maven环境优化

1. 修改web.xml为最新的
2. 将maven的结构搭建完整

4、编写Servlet程序

编写一个普通类
继承Servlet接口HttpServlet

package com.qin.servlet;

import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.ServletOutputStream;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.PrintWriter;

public class HelloServlet extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        //ServletOutputStream outputStream = resp.getOutputStream();
        PrintWriter writer = resp.getWriter(); //响应流
        writer.print("hello servlet");
    }

    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        doGet(req, resp);
    }
}

5、编写Servlet的映射

想通过浏览器访问到java程序，需要将java程序注册到web服务器中，浏览器通过web服务器访问。

注册Servlet并设置访问路径

<!--    注册Servlet-->
    <servlet>
        <servlet-name>helloservlet</servlet-name>
        <servlet-class>com.qin.servlet.HelloServlet</servlet-class>
    </servlet>
<!--Servlet的请求路径-->
    <servlet-mapping>
        <servlet-name>helloservlet</servlet-name>
        <url-pattern>/hello</url-pattern>
    </servlet-mapping>

6、配置Tomcat

添加Deployment
编写服务名称
设置默认端口号

Servlet原理

Servlet是由web服务器调用，web服务器在收到浏览器请求之后

在这里插入图片描述

Mapping

一个Servlet可以指定一个或多个映射路径

<servlet-mapping>
    <servlet-name>helloservlet</servlet-name>
    <url-pattern>/hello</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
<servlet-mapping>
    <servlet-name>helloservlet</servlet-name>
    <url-pattern>/hello2</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
<servlet-mapping>
    <servlet-name>helloservlet</servlet-name>
    <url-pattern>/hello3</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>

一个Servlet可以指定通用映射路径

<servlet-mapping>
    <servlet-name>helloservlet</servlet-name>
    <url-pattern>/hello/*</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>

默认请求路径

<servlet-mapping>
    <servlet-name>helloservlet</servlet-name>
    <url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>

指定一些后缀或前缀

<!--可以自定义后缀实现映射
    *.do前面不能加项目映射的路径 
-->
<servlet-mapping>
    <servlet-name>helloservlet</servlet-name>
    <url-pattern>*.do</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>

优先级

如果没有指定的映射路径，则进入默认请求路径

ServletContext

web容器在启动的时候，会为每个web程序创建一个对应的ServletContext对象，它代表了当前的web应用

共享数据

不同的Servelt可以使用一个资源

在一个Servlet中向ServletContext中存入一个Attribute

import javax.servlet.ServletContext;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;

public class HelloServlet extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
//        this.getInitParameter()   初始化参数
//        this.getServletConfig()   Servlet配置
//        this.getServletContext()  Servlet上下文
        ServletContext servletContext = this.getServletContext();
        String username="hello";
        servletContext.setAttribute("username",username);//将一个数据保存在ServletContext中，key-value

        System.out.println("hello servlet");
    }

    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        doGet(req, resp);
    }
}

在另外一个Servlet中获得ServletContext中的Attribute

import javax.servlet.ServletContext;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;

public class GetServletContext extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        ServletContext servletContext = this.getServletContext();
        String username =(String) servletContext.getAttribute("username");

        resp.setContentType("text/html");
        resp.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
        resp.getWriter().print("姓名"+username);
    }

    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        doGet(req, resp);
    }
}

获取初始化参数

在web.xml里配置初始化参数

<!--配置初始化参数-->
    <context-param>
        <param-name>jdbcurl</param-name>
        <param-value>jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/mybatis</param-value>
    </context-param>

获取初始化参数

package com.qin.servlet;

import javax.servlet.ServletContext;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;

public class TestGetParameter extends HelloServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        ServletContext servletContext = this.getServletContext();

        String parameter = servletContext.getInitParameter("jdbcurl");
        resp.getWriter().print(parameter);
    }

    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        doGet(req, resp);
    }
}

请求转发

package com.qin.servlet;

import javax.servlet.RequestDispatcher;
import javax.servlet.ServletContext;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;

public class TestDispatcher extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        ServletContext servletContext = this.getServletContext();

        RequestDispatcher requestDispatcher = servletContext.getRequestDispatcher("/a.hello");//转发的请求路径
        requestDispatcher.forward(req,resp);//调用foward方法请求转发
    }

    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        doGet(req, resp);
    }
}

在这里插入图片描述

简单理解转发和重定向：

比如在QQ空间里看到一个人转发了一个抖音视频

点开这个人的转发动态，页面还是在qq里，可以看到抖音视频，相当于qq页面转发了抖音视频。

如果点击在抖音中打开视频，则是重定向到了抖音

读取资源文件

Properties：

在java目录下新建的properties
在resources目录下新建properties

都被打包到了同一个路径下：classes，俗称这个路径为 classpath

package com.qin.servlet;

import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
import java.util.Properties;

public class TestProperties extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        InputStream stream = this.getServletContext().getResourceAsStream("/WEB-INF/classes/db.properties");
        Properties properties = new Properties();
        properties.load(stream);
        String username=properties.getProperty("username");
        String password=properties.getProperty("password");
        PrintWriter writer = resp.getWriter();
        writer.print(username);
        writer.print(password);
    }

    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        doGet(req, resp);
    }
}

HttpServletResponse

web服务器接收到客户端的http请求，会针对这个请求分别创建一个代表请求的HttpServletRequest对象，代表响应的一个HttpServletResponse对象

如果要获取客户端请求过来的参数：HttpServletRequest
如果要给客户端响应一些信息：HttpServletResponse

简单分类

负责向浏览器发送数据

ServletOutputStream getOutputStream() throws IOException;
PrintWriter getWriter() throws IOException;

负责向浏览器发送响应头

void setCharacterEncoding(String var1);
void setContentLength(int var1);
void setContentLengthLong(long var1);
void setContentType(String var1);
void setDateHeader(String var1, long var2);
void addDateHeader(String var1, long var2);
void setHeader(String var1, String var2);
void addHeader(String var1, String var2);
void setIntHeader(String var1, int var2);

响应的状态码

int SC_CONTINUE = 100;
int SC_SWITCHING_PROTOCOLS = 101;
int SC_OK = 200;
int SC_CREATED = 201;
int SC_ACCEPTED = 202;
int SC_NON_AUTHORITATIVE_INFORMATION = 203;
int SC_NO_CONTENT = 204;
int SC_RESET_CONTENT = 205;
int SC_PARTIAL_CONTENT = 206;
int SC_MULTIPLE_CHOICES = 300;
int SC_MOVED_PERMANENTLY = 301;
int SC_MOVED_TEMPORARILY = 302;
int SC_FOUND = 302;
int SC_SEE_OTHER = 303;
int SC_NOT_MODIFIED = 304;
int SC_USE_PROXY = 305;
int SC_TEMPORARY_REDIRECT = 307;
int SC_BAD_REQUEST = 400;
int SC_UNAUTHORIZED = 401;
int SC_PAYMENT_REQUIRED = 402;
int SC_FORBIDDEN = 403;
int SC_NOT_FOUND = 404;
int SC_METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED = 405;
int SC_NOT_ACCEPTABLE = 406;
int SC_PROXY_AUTHENTICATION_REQUIRED = 407;
int SC_REQUEST_TIMEOUT = 408;
int SC_CONFLICT = 409;
int SC_GONE = 410;
int SC_LENGTH_REQUIRED = 411;
int SC_PRECONDITION_FAILED = 412;
int SC_REQUEST_ENTITY_TOO_LARGE = 413;
int SC_REQUEST_URI_TOO_LONG = 414;
int SC_UNSUPPORTED_MEDIA_TYPE = 415;
int SC_REQUESTED_RANGE_NOT_SATISFIABLE = 416;
int SC_EXPECTATION_FAILED = 417;
int SC_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR = 500;
int SC_NOT_IMPLEMENTED = 501;
int SC_BAD_GATEWAY = 502;
int SC_SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE = 503;
int SC_GATEWAY_TIMEOUT = 504;
int SC_HTTP_VERSION_NOT_SUPPORTED = 505;

常见应用

向浏览器输出信息

//使用resp的getWriter方法，获取PrintWriter对象，用werter输出信息
PrintWriter writer = resp.getWriter();
writer.print("writer:hello servlet");

下载文件

1、获取下载文件的路径

2、获得下载的文件名

3、让浏览器能够支持下载

4、获取下载文件的输入流

5、创建缓冲区

6、获取OutputStream对象

7、将FileOutputStream流写入到buffer缓冲区

8、使用OutputStream将缓冲区中的数据输出到客户端

package com.qin.servlet;

import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.ServletOutputStream;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.FileInputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.net.URLEncoder;

public class FileServlet extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        //文件真实路径
        String realPath ="C:\\Users\\qinjingzhuo\\Desktop\\Study\\javaweb-02-servlet\\response\\target\\classes\\QQ截图.png";
        //文件名
        //String fileNmae =realPath.substring(realPath.lastIndexOf("\\")+1);
        String fileNmae ="qq截图.png";
        //告诉浏览器这是个下载web
        resp.setHeader("Content-Disposition","attachment;filename="+ URLEncoder.encode(fileNmae,"utf-8"));
        //获取文档输入流
        FileInputStream in = new FileInputStream(realPath);
        //获取响应输出流
        ServletOutputStream os = resp.getOutputStream();
        //创建缓冲区
        int len=0;
        byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
        //输出文件
        while ((len=in.read(buffer))!=-1){
            os.write(buffer,0,len);
        }
        //关闭资源
        os.close();
        in.close();
    }

    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        doGet(req, resp);
    }
}

验证码功能

package com.qin.servlet;

import javax.imageio.ImageIO;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.image.BufferedImage;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.Random;

public class ImageServlet extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        //让浏览器每五秒自动刷新一次
        resp.setHeader("refresh","5");
        //在内存中创建一个图片
        BufferedImage image = new BufferedImage(80,20,BufferedImage.TYPE_3BYTE_BGR);
        //得到图片的画笔
        Graphics2D graphics =(Graphics2D) image.getGraphics();
        //设置背景颜色
        graphics.setColor(Color.WHITE);
        graphics.fillRect(0,0,80,20);
        //给图片写数字
        graphics.setColor(Color.BLACK);
        graphics.setFont(new Font(null,Font.BOLD,20));
        graphics.drawString(makeNum(),0,15);

        //告诉浏览器，这个请求用图片的打开方式
        resp.setContentType("image/png");
        //不让浏览器缓存
        resp.setDateHeader("expires",-1);
        resp.setHeader("Cache-Control","no-cache");
        resp.setHeader("Pragma","no-cache");

        //把图片放到浏览器
        ImageIO.write(image,"png",resp.getOutputStream());
    }

    //生成随机数
    private String makeNum(){
        Random random = new Random();
        StringBuffer stringBuffer = new StringBuffer();
        for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
            stringBuffer.append(random.nextInt(9));
        }
        return stringBuffer.toString();
    }
    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        doGet(req, resp);
    }
}

重定向（重要）

一个web资源收到客户端请求后，会通知客户端访问另外一个web资源，这个过程叫重定向

常见场景：

用户登录

void sendRedirect(String var1)throws IOException

package com.qin.servlet;

import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;

public class RedirectServlet extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        //重定向
        resp.sendRedirect("/response_war/image");
        //另一种写法
        resp.setHeader("Location","/response_war/image");
        resp.setStatus(302);
    }

    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        doGet(req, resp);
    }
}

重定向和转发的区别

相同点：

页面都会实现跳转

不同点：

请求转发的时候，url不会发生变化 307
请求重定向的时候，url会变成跳转页面的url 302

package com.qin.servlet;

import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;

public class RedirectTest extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        //处理请求
        String user = req.getParameter("user");//获得用户名
        String password = req.getParameter("password");//获得密码
        System.out.println(user+" "+password);
        resp.sendRedirect("/response_war/success.jsp");
    }

    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        doGet(req, resp);
    }
}

HttpServletRequest

HttpServletRequst代表客户端的请求，用户通过http协议访问服务器，http请求中的所有信息会被封装到HttpServletRequest，通过这个HttpServletRequest的方法，获得客户端的所有信息

获取前端传递的参数

登录页面

<%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" language="java" %>
<html>
<head>
    <title>登录</title>
</head>
<body>
<form action="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/login" method="post">
    用户名：<input type="text" name="user"> <br>
    密码：<input type="password" name="password"> <br>
    爱好：<input type="checkbox" name="hobbies" value="打球">打球
    <input type="checkbox" name="hobbies" value="踢球">踢球
    <input type="checkbox" name="hobbies" value="玩球">玩球
    <br>
    <input type="submit">
</form>
</body>
</html>

DispatcherServlet

package com.qin.servlet;

import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.Arrays;

public class DispatcherServlet extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        req.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
        resp.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
        //获取请求页面发送的信息
        String user = req.getParameter("user");
        String password = req.getParameter("password");
        String[] hobbies = req.getParameterValues("hobbies");

        System.out.println("=====================");
        System.out.println("用户名："+user);
        System.out.println("密码："+password);
        System.out.println("爱好："+ Arrays.toString(hobbies));
        System.out.println("=====================");
        //转发操作
        req.getRequestDispatcher("/success.jsp").forward(req,resp);
    }

    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        doGet(req, resp);
    }
}

    String user = req.getParameter("user");
    String password = req.getParameter("password");
    String[] hobbies = req.getParameterValues("hobbies");

    System.out.println("=====================");
    System.out.println("用户名："+user);
    System.out.println("密码："+password);
    System.out.println("爱好："+ Arrays.toString(hobbies));
    System.out.println("=====================");
    //转发操作
    req.getRequestDispatcher("/success.jsp").forward(req,resp);
}

@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
    doGet(req, resp);
}

}