1.结构体嵌套二级指针练习
struct Teacher
{
char* name;
char** students;
};
void allocateSpace(struct Teacher*** teachers)
{
if (teachers == NULL)
{
return;
}
//开辟内存
struct Teacher** ts = malloc(sizeof(struct Teacher*) * 3);
//给每个老师分配内存
for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++)
{
ts[i] = malloc(sizeof(struct Teacher));
//给老师的姓名分配内存
ts[i]->name = malloc(sizeof(char) * 64);
//给老师起名称
sprintf(ts[i]->name, "Teacher_%d", i + 1);
//给学生的数组分配内存
ts[i]->students = malloc(sizeof(char*) * 4);
//给学生的姓名开辟内存 以及赋值
for (int j = 0; j < 4; j++)
{
ts[i]->students[j] = malloc(sizeof(char) * 64);
sprintf(ts[i]->students[j], "%s_Student_%d", ts[i]->name, j + 1);
}
}
*teachers = ts;
}
void printTeachers(struct Teacher** pArray)
{
if (pArray == NULL)
{
return;
}
for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++)
{
printf("%s\n", pArray[i]->name);
for (int j = 0; j < 4; j++)
{
printf(" %s\n", pArray[i]->students[j]);
}
}
}
void freeSpace(struct Teacher** pArray)
{
if (pArray == NULL)
{
return;
}
for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++)
{
//先释放老师姓名
if (pArray[i]->name != NULL)
{
free(pArray[i]->name);
pArray[i]->name = NULL;
}
//释放学生姓名
for (int j = 0; j < 4; j++)
{
if (pArray[i]->students[j] != NULL)
{
free(pArray[i]->students[j]);
pArray[i]->students[j] = NULL;
}
}
//释放学生的数组
if (pArray[i]->students != NULL)
{
free(pArray[i]->students);
pArray[i]->students = NULL;
}
//释放老师
if (pArray[i] != NULL)
{
free(pArray[i]);
pArray[i] = NULL;
}
}
//释放老师数组
if (pArray != NULL)
{
free(pArray);
pArray = NULL;
}
}
void test01()
{
struct Teacher** pArray = NULL;
//开辟内存
allocateSpace(&pArray);
//打印数组
printTeachers(pArray);
//释放数组
freeSpace(pArray);
pArray = NULL;
2.结构体偏移量
2.1获取属性偏移
2.1.1offsetof
2.1.2(int)&(p->b) - (int)p
2.2通过偏移量 获取内存
2.3结构体嵌套结构体
struct Teacher
{
char a; //0 ~ 3
int b; //4 ~ 7
};
void test01()
{
printf("b的属性偏移量为:%d\n", offsetof(struct Teacher, b)); // 4
/*struct Teacher t1;
struct Teacher* p = &t1;
printf("b的属性偏移量为:%d\n", (int)&(p->b) - (int)p);
printf("b的属性偏移量为:%d\n", offsetof(struct Teacher, b));*/
}
//通过偏移量 操作内存
void test02()
{
struct Teacher t1 = { 'a', 10 };
printf("t1.b = %d\n", *(int*)((char*)&t1 + offsetof(struct Teacher, b)));
printf("t1.b = %d\n", *(int*)((int*)&t1 + 1));
}
struct Teacher2
{
char a;
int b;
struct Teacher c;
};
void test03()
{
struct Teacher2 t1 = { 'a', 10, 'b', 20 };
int offset1 = offsetof(struct Teacher2, c);
int offset2 = offsetof(struct Teacher, b);
printf("%d\n", *(int*)((char*)&t1 + offset1 + offset2));
printf("%d\n", ((struct Teacher*)((char*)&t1 + offset1))->b);
}
struct Teacher2
{
char a;
int b;
struct Teacher c; //展开就可以,相当于
//char a; //0 ~ 3
//int b; //4 ~ 7
};
void test03()
{
struct Teacher2 t1 = { 'a', 10, 'b', 20 };
// 用二次偏移来找到Teacher中的b的偏移量
int offset1 = offsetof(struct Teacher2, c);
int offset2 = offsetof(struct Teacher, b);
printf("%d\n", *(int*)((char*)&t1 + offset1 + offset2));
/*
&t1:首地址
(char*)&t1 : 转成char
((char*)&t1 + offset1 + offset2):加上两次偏移
*(int*)((char*)&t1 + offset1 + offset2):解数据
*/
printf("%d\n", ((struct Teacher*)((char*)&t1 + offset1))->b);
/*
((char*)&t1 + offset1)) : 跳转到c
(struct Teacher*)((char*)&t1 + offset1)) : 把步长改成Teacher类型的指针
(struct Teacher*)((char*)&t1 + offset1))->b : 访问其中的b
*/
}
3.内存对齐
3.1查看对齐模数 #pragma pack(show)
3.2默认对齐模数 8
3.3自定义数据类型 对齐规则
3.3.1 第一个属性开始 从0开始偏移
3.3.2 第二个属性开始 要放在 该类型的大小 与 对齐模数比 取小的值 的整数倍
3.3.3 所有属性都计算完后,再整体做二次偏移,将整体计算的结果 要放在 结构体最大类型 与对齐模数比 取小的值的 整数倍上
3.4 结构体嵌套结构体
3.4.1结构体嵌套结构体时候,子结构体放在该结构体中最大类型和对齐模数比 的整数倍上即可
#pragma pack(show) //查看当前对齐模数 ,对齐模数是可以改的,改成2的N次方
//第一个属性开始 从0开始偏移
//第二个属性开始 要放在 该类型的大小 与 对齐模数比 取小的值 的整数倍
//所有属性都计算完后,再整体做二次偏移,将整体计算的结果 要放在 结构体最大类型 与对齐模数比 取小的值的 整数倍上
typedef struct _STUDENT{
int a; //0 ~ 3 0 ~ 3
char b; //4 ~ 7 4
double c; //8 ~ 15 5 ~ 12
float d; //16 ~ 19 13 ~ 16
}Student;
void test01()
{
printf("sizeof student = %d\n", sizeof(Student));
}
//结构体嵌套结构体时候,子结构体放在该结构体中最大类型 和对齐模数比 的整数倍上即可
typedef struct _STUDENT2{
char a; // 0 ~ 7
Student b; // 8 ~ 31
double c; //32 ~ 39
}Student2;
void test02()
{
printf("sizeof student = %d\n", sizeof(Student2));
}
4.文件读写回顾
4.1按照字符读写
4.1.1写 fputc
4.1.2读 fgetc
4.1.3while ( (ch = fgetc(f_read)) != EOF ) 判断是否到文件尾
4.2按行读写
4.2.1写 fputs
4.2.2读 fgets
4.3按块读写
4.3.1写 fwrite
4.3.1.1参数1 数据地址 参数2块大小 参数3块个数 参数4文件指针
4.3.2读 fread
4.4格式化读写
4.4.1写 fprintf
4.4.2读 fscanf
4.5随机位置读写
4.5.1fseek( 文件指针, 偏移, 起始位置 )
4.5.1.1SEEK_SET 从头开始
4.5.1.2SEEK_END 从尾开始
4.5.1.3SEEK_CUR 从当前位置
4.5.2rewind 将文件光标置首
4.6error宏 利用perror打印错误提示信息
/按照字符读写文件:fgetc(), fputc()
void test01()
{
//写文件
FILE * f_write = fopen("./test01.txt", "w+");
if (f_write == NULL)
{
return;
}
char buf[] = "this is first test";
for (int i = 0; i < strlen(buf);i++)
{
fputc(buf[i], f_write);
}
fclose(f_write);
//读文件
FILE * f_read = fopen("./test01.txt", "r");
if (f_read == NULL)
{
return;
}
char ch;
while ( (ch = fgetc(f_read)) != EOF ) // EOF Enf of File
{
printf("%c", ch);
}
fclose(f_read);
}
//按照行读写文件:fputs(), fgets()
void test02()
{
//写文件
FILE * f_write = fopen("./test02.txt", "w");
if (f_write == NULL)
{
return;
}
char * buf[] =
{
"锄禾日当午\n",
"汗滴禾下土\n",
"谁知盘中餐\n",
"粒粒皆辛苦\n",
};
for (int i = 0; i < 4;i++)
{
fputs(buf[i], f_write);
}
fclose(f_write);
//读文件
FILE * f_read = fopen("./test02.txt", "r");
if (f_read == NULL)
{
return;
}
while ( !feof(f_read ))
{
char buf[1024] = { 0 };
fgets(buf, 1024, f_read);
printf("%s", buf);
}
fclose(f_read);
}
//按照块读写文件:fread(), fwirte()
struct Hero
{
char name[64];
int age;
};
void test03()
{
//写文件 wb二进制方式
FILE * f_write = fopen("./test03.txt", "wb");
if (f_write == NULL)
{
return;
}
struct Hero heros[4] =
{
{ "亚瑟" , 18 },
{ "赵云", 28 },
{ "妲己", 19 },
{ "孙悟空", 99 },
};
for (int i = 0; i < 4;i++)
{
//参数1 数据地址 参数2 块大小 参数3 块个数 参数4 文件指针
fwrite(&heros[i], sizeof(struct Hero), 1, f_write);
}
fclose(f_write);
//读文件
FILE * f_read = fopen("./test03.txt", "rb"); // read binary
if (f_read == NULL)
{
return;
}
struct Hero temp[4];
//参数1 数据地址 参数2 块大小 参数3 块个数 参数4 文件指针
fread(&temp, sizeof(struct Hero), 4, f_read);
for (int i = 0; i < 4;i++)
{
printf("姓名:%s 年龄:%d \n", temp[i].name, temp[i].age);
}
fclose(f_read);
}
//按照格式化读写文件:fprintf(), fscanf() 遇到空格相当于换行操作
void test04()
{
//写文件
FILE * f_write = fopen("./test04.txt", "w");
if (f_write == NULL)
{
return;
}
fprintf(f_write, "hello world %d年 %d月 %d日", 2018, 7, 5);
//关闭文件
fclose(f_write);
//读文件
FILE * f_read = fopen("./test04.txt", "r");
if (f_read == NULL)
{
return;
}
char buf[1024] = { 0 };
while (!feof(f_read))
{
fscanf(f_read, "%s", buf);
printf("%s\n", buf);
}
fclose(f_read);
}
//按照随机位置读写文件
void test05()
{
FILE * f_write = fopen("./test05.txt", "wb");
if (f_write == NULL)
{
return;
}
struct Hero heros[4] =
{
{ "亚瑟", 18 },
{ "赵云", 28 },
{ "妲己", 19 },
{ "孙悟空", 99 },
};
for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++)
{
//参数1 数据地址 参数2 块大小 参数3 块个数 参数4 文件指针
fwrite(&heros[i], sizeof(struct Hero), 1, f_write);
}
fclose(f_write);
//读取妲己数据
FILE * f_read = fopen("./test05.txt", "rb");
if (f_read == NULL)
{
//error 宏
//printf("文件打开失败\n");
perror("文件打开失败");
return;
}
//创建临时结构体
struct Hero temp;
//改变文件光标位置
fseek(f_read, sizeof(struct Hero) *2, SEEK_SET);
fseek(f_read, -(long)sizeof(struct Hero) * 2, SEEK_END);
rewind(f_read); //将文件光标置首
fread(&temp, sizeof(struct Hero), 1, f_read);
printf("姓名: %s 年龄: %d\n", temp.name, temp.age);
fclose(f_read);
}
5.文件读写注意事项
5.1注意事项1:
5.1.1不要用feof 按照字符方式读文件,原因有滞后性,会读出EOF
5.2注意事项2:
5.2.1如果属性开辟到堆区,不要存指针到文件中,要将指针指向的内容存放到文件中
//注意事项1
void test01()
{
FILE * f_read = fopen("./test.txt", "r");
if (f_read == NULL)
{
return;
}
char ch;
#if 0
//aaaaaaaaaEOF
// |
while ( !feof(f_read))
{
ch = fgetc(f_read);
if (feof(f_read))
{
break;
}
printf("%c", ch);
}
#endif
while ( ( ch = fgetc(f_read)) != EOF)
{
printf("%c", ch);
}
fclose(f_read);
}
//注意事项2
struct Hero
{
char * name; //如果属性开辟到堆区,不要存指针到文件中,要将指针指向的内容存放到文件中
int age;
};
6.配置文件读写案例
6.1文件中按照键值对方式存放了有效的信息需要解析出来
6.2创建 config.h 和 config.c做配置文件读操作
6.3获取有效信息的行数 getFileLines
6.4判断字符串是否是有效行 int isValidLines(char *str)
6.5解析文件到配置信息数组中
6.5.1void parseFile(char * filePath, int lines , struct ConfigInfo ** configinfo);
6.6通过key获取value值
6.6.1char * getInfoByKey(char * key, struct ConfigInfo * configinfo, int len);
6.7释放内存
6.7.1void freeConfigInfo(struct ConfigInfo * configinfo);
需求:根据已有的config.txt文件来读取自己想要需要的内容,在这个案例里面即是 heroname:aaaa
config.txt
#英雄ID 注释
heroId:1
#英雄姓名
heroName:琦玉
#英雄攻击力
heroAtk:9999999
#英雄防御力
heroDef:1000
#英雄简介
heroInfo:无敌
aaaaaaaaa
baflalsdf
strstr
struct ConfigInfo
{
char key[64];
char value[64];
}
//根据key值能够访问到对应的value
config.h
#define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
//配置信息 结构体
struct ConfigInfo
{
char key[64];
char value[64];
};
//获取有效行数
int getFileLines(char * filePath);
//检测当前行是否是有效信息
int isValidLines(char *str);
//解析文件
void parseFile(char * filePath, int lines , struct ConfigInfo ** configinfo);
//根据key获取对应value
char * getInfoByKey(char * key, struct ConfigInfo * configinfo, int len);
//释放内存
void freeConfigInfo(struct ConfigInfo * configinfo);
config.c
#include "config.h"
int getFileLines(char * filePath)
{
FILE * file = fopen(filePath, "r");
if (file == NULL)
{
return -1;
}
char buf[1024] = { 0 };
int lines = 0;
while ( fgets(buf,1024,file) != NULL)
{
if (isValidLines(buf))
{
lines++;
}
memset(buf, 0, 1024);
}
return lines;
fclose(file);
}
int isValidLines(char *str)
{
if (strchr(str, ':') == NULL)
{
return 0; //返回假 代表无效行
}
return 1;
}
//解析文件
void parseFile(char * filePath, int lines, struct ConfigInfo ** configinfo)
{
struct ConfigInfo * info = malloc(sizeof(struct ConfigInfo) * lines);
if (info == NULL)
{
return;
}
FILE * file = fopen(filePath, "r");
if (file == NULL)
{
return;
}
char buf[1024] = { 0 };
int index = 0;
while ( fgets(buf,1024,file ) != NULL)
{
if (isValidLines(buf))
{
//有效信息 才去解析
//清空 key和value数组
//heroName:aaaa\n
memset(info[index].key, 0, 64);
memset(info[index].value, 0, 64);
char * pos = strchr(buf, ':');
strncpy(info[index].key, buf, pos - buf);
strncpy(info[index].value, pos + 1, strlen(pos + 1)-1);
index++;
}
memset(buf, 0, 1024);
}
*configinfo = info;
}
char * getInfoByKey(char * key, struct ConfigInfo * configinfo, int len)
{
for (int i = 0; i < len;i++)
{
if (strcmp(key, configinfo[i].key) == 0)
{
return configinfo[i].value;
}
}
return NULL;
}
//释放内存
void freeConfigInfo(struct ConfigInfo * configinfo)
{
if (configinfo != NULL)
{
free(configinfo);
configinfo = NULL;
}
}
main.c
#define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include "config.h"
int main(){
char * filePath = "./config.txt";
int len = getFileLines(filePath);
printf("文件的有效行数为:%d\n", len);
struct ConfigInfo * configInfo = NULL;
parseFile(filePath, len, &configInfo);
//测试根据key获取value
printf("heroId = %s\n", getInfoByKey("heroId", configInfo, len));
printf("heroName = %s\n", getInfoByKey("heroName", configInfo, len));
printf("heroAtk = %s\n", getInfoByKey("heroAtk", configInfo, len));
printf("heroDef = %s\n", getInfoByKey("heroDef", configInfo, len));
printf("heroInfo = %s\n", getInfoByKey("heroInfo", configInfo, len));
//释放空间
freeConfigInfo(configInfo);
configInfo = NULL;
system("pause");
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}