笔记来源狂神说java
1.进程和线程
- 进程:就是一个程序。
- 进程包含多个线程,至少包含一个。
- 线程:开了一个程序的进程中有用于不同功能的线程。
- java默认开启了2个线程:main,GC
- 对于Java而言有几种开启线程的方式:Thread,Runnable,Callable
- Java不能开启线程:Java是运行在虚拟机上的,不可以操作硬件
public synchronized void start() {
/**
* This method is not invoked for the main method thread or "system"
* group threads created/set up by the VM. Any new functionality added
* to this method in the future may have to also be added to the VM.
*
* A zero status value corresponds to state "NEW".
*/
if (threadStatus != 0)
throw new IllegalThreadStateException();
/* Notify the group that this thread is about to be started
* so that it can be added to the group's list of threads
* and the group's unstarted count can be decremented. */
group.add(this);
boolean started = false;
try {
start0();
started = true;
} finally {
try {
if (!started) {
group.threadStartFailed(this);
}
} catch (Throwable ignore) {
/* do nothing. If start0 threw a Throwable then
it will be passed up the call stack */
}
}
}
private native void start0();
2.并发和并行
- 并发:多个线程操作同一个资源(单核CPU,模拟出多个线程,快速交替占用CPU)
- 并行:多个线程同时运行(多核CPU,可用线程池)
获取cpu核数:
并发编程的本质:充分利用cpu的资源。
3.线程有几个状态?
public enum State {
/**
* Thread state for a thread which has not yet started.
*/
NEW, //新建 刚开始认识
/**
* Thread state for a runnable thread. A thread in the runnable
* state is executing in the Java virtual machine but it may
* be waiting for other resources from the operating system
* such as processor.
*/
RUNNABLE, //运行 甜蜜期
/**
* Thread state for a thread blocked waiting for a monitor lock.
* A thread in the blocked state is waiting for a monitor lock
* to enter a synchronized block/method or
* reenter a synchronized block/method after calling
* {@link Object#wait() Object.wait}.
*/
BLOCKED, //阻塞 他没有回来。
/**
* Thread state for a waiting thread.
* A thread is in the waiting state due to calling one of the
* following methods:
* <ul>
* <li>{@link Object#wait() Object.wait} with no timeout</li>
* <li>{@link #join() Thread.join} with no timeout</li>
* <li>{@link LockSupport#park() LockSupport.park}</li>
* </ul>
*
* <p>A thread in the waiting state is waiting for another thread to
* perform a particular action.
*
* For example, a thread that has called {@code Object.wait()}
* on an object is waiting for another thread to call
* {@code Object.notify()} or {@code Object.notifyAll()} on
* that object. A thread that has called {@code Thread.join()}
* is waiting for a specified thread to terminate.
*/
WAITING, //等待,死死的等。。。
/**
* Thread state for a waiting thread with a specified waiting time.
* A thread is in the timed waiting state due to calling one of
* the following methods with a specified positive waiting time:
* <ul>
* <li>{@link #sleep Thread.sleep}</li>
* <li>{@link Object#wait(long) Object.wait} with timeout</li>
* <li>{@link #join(long) Thread.join} with timeout</li>
* <li>{@link LockSupport#parkNanos LockSupport.parkNanos}</li>
* <li>{@link LockSupport#parkUntil LockSupport.parkUntil}</li>
* </ul>
*/
TIMED_WAITING, //超时等待 等了好久还是没来
/**
* Thread state for a terminated thread.
* The thread has completed execution.
*/
TERMINATED;//终止,等不到了。。。
}
4.wait和sleep的区别
1.来自不同的类
- wait–> Object
- sleep–>Thred
2.关于锁的释放
wait会释放锁
sleep不会释放锁,抱着锁睡了就不会懂得释放了。。。
3.使用的范围不同
- wait必须在同步代码块中
- sleep在什么地方都可以睡。。。
4.是否需要捕获异常
- wait不需要捕获异常
- sleep需要捕获异常
5.Lock锁(重点)
1.传统的synchronized
public class Test1 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//并发:多线程操作同一个资源类
Ticket ticket = new Ticket(); //线程资源类
//()->{}
//将线程资源类丢进线程中
new Thread(() -> {
for (int i = 0; i < 30; i++) {
ticket.sale();
}
}, "A").start();
new Thread(() -> {
for (int i = 0; i < 30; i++) {
ticket.sale();
}
}, "B").start();
new Thread(() -> {
for (int i = 0; i < 30; i++) {
ticket.sale();
}
}, "C").start();
}
}
//线程应该是一个独立的资源类,没有其他附属的操作,降低耦合性
class Ticket {
private int num = 50;
public synchronized void sale() {
if (num > 0) {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "还剩" + (num--) + "张票");
}
}
}
2.lock接口
查看文档说明
构造方法:
java默认的是非公平锁
- 非公平锁:进程之间可以互相抢占
- 公平锁:进程之间不可以互相抢占
public class Test2 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Ticket2 ticket = new Ticket2();
// //()->{}
new Thread(() -> {
for (int i = 0; i < 30; i++) ticket.sale();
}, "A").start();
new Thread(() -> {
for (int i = 0; i < 30; i++) ticket.sale();
}, "B").start();
new Thread(() -> {
for (int i = 0; i < 30; i++) ticket.sale();
}, "C").start();
}
}
class Ticket2 {
private int num = 50;
//锁对象
Lock lock = new ReentrantLock();
public synchronized void sale() {
//加锁
lock.lock();
try {
//业务
if (num > 0) {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "还剩" + (num--) + "张票");
}
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
//释放锁
lock.unlock();
}
}
}
3.synchronized 和lock的区别
- synchronized 是java内置的关键字,lock是一个类
- synchronized 无法判断获取锁的状态,lock可以判断是否获取到了锁
- Synchronized 会自动释放锁,lock 必须要手动释放锁!如果不释放锁,死锁
- Synchronized 线程 1(获得锁,阻塞)、线程2(等待,傻傻的等);Lock锁就不一定会等待下去;
- Synchronized 可重入锁,不可以中断的,非公平;Lock ,可重入锁,可以 判断锁,非公平(可以自己设置);
- Synchronized 适合锁少量的代码同步问题,Lock 适合锁大量的同步代码!
6.生产者和消费者问题
synchronized版本
/**
* 线程之间的通信问题:生产者和消费者的问题! 等待唤醒<---->通知唤醒
* 线程交替执行 A B 操作同一个变量 直到num==0
*
* A:num+1
* B:num-1
*/
public class A {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Data data = new Data();
new Thread(()->{
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
try {
data.increment();
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
},"A").start();
new Thread(()->{
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
try {
data.decrement();
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
},"B").start();
}
}
class Data {
private int number = 0;
//+1
public synchronized void increment() throws InterruptedException {
if (number != 0) { //0
// 等待
this.wait();
}
number++;
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "=>" + number);
// 通知其他线程,我+1完毕了
this.notifyAll();
}
//-1
public synchronized void decrement() throws InterruptedException {
if (number == 0) { // 1
// 等待
this.wait();
}
number--;
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "=>" + number);
// 通知其他线程,我-1完毕了
this.notifyAll();
}
}
问题存在:虚假唤醒
public class A {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Data data = new Data();
new Thread(()->{
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
try {
data.increment();
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
},"A").start();
new Thread(()->{
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
try {
data.decrement();
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
},"D").start();
new Thread(()->{
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
try {
data.increment();
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
},"A").start();
new Thread(()->{
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
try {
data.decrement();
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
},"B").start();
}
}
class Data {
private int number = 0;
//+1
public synchronized void increment() throws InterruptedException {
if (number != 0) { //0
// 等待
this.wait();
}
number++;
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "=>" + number);
// 通知其他线程,我+1完毕了
this.notifyAll();
}
//-1
public synchronized void decrement() throws InterruptedException {
if (number == 0) { // 1
// 等待
this.wait();
}
number--;
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "=>" + number);
// 通知其他线程,我-1完毕了
this.notifyAll();
}
}
结果:
如果这时候有A B C D 四个线程同时去操作,那么就会出现虚假唤醒的情况。
原因是方法中只有一次的判断num==0的操作,而此时有多个线程在操作num。
解决办法:可以将if改为while
JUC版本
通过lock找到Condition
代码
public class B {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Data2 data = new Data2();
new Thread(()->{
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
data.increment();
}
},"A").start();
new Thread(()->{
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
data.increment();
}
},"B").start();
new Thread(()->{
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
data.increment();
}
},"C").start();
new Thread(()->{
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
data.decrement();
}
},"D").start();
}
}
class Data2 {
private int number = 10;
Lock lock = new ReentrantLock();
Condition condition = lock.newCondition();
//+1
public void increment() {
lock.lock();
try {
while (number == 0) {
condition.await();
}
number++;
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "=>" + number);
// 通知其他线程,我+1完毕了
condition.signalAll();
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
lock.unlock();
}
}
//-1
public void decrement() {
lock.lock();
try{
while (number == 0) { // 1
// 等待
condition.await();
}
number--;
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "=>" + number);
// 通知其他线程,我-1完毕了
condition.signalAll();
}catch (Exception e){
e.printStackTrace();
}finally {
lock.unlock();
}
}
}
Condition实现精准唤醒:
/**
* Condition 实现精准唤醒
*/
public class C {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Data3 data = new Data3();
new Thread(()->{
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
data.printA();
}
},"A").start();
new Thread(()->{
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
data.printB();
}
},"B").start();
new Thread(()->{
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
data.printC();
}
},"C").start();
}
}
class Data3 {
Lock lock = new ReentrantLock();
Condition condition1 = lock.newCondition();
Condition condition2 = lock.newCondition();
Condition condition3 = lock.newCondition();
private int number = 1; // 1A 2B 3C
//+1
public void printB() {
lock.lock();
try {
while (number !=1) {
condition1.await();
}
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "=>" +"bbbbbbbbbbb");
number=2;
// 通知其他线程,我+1完毕了
condition2.signalAll();
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
lock.unlock();
}
}
//-1
public void printA() {
lock.lock();
try{
while (number !=2) { // 1
// 等待
condition2.await();
}
number=3;
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "=>" +"AAAAAAAAA");
// 通知其他线程,我-1完毕了
condition3.signalAll();
}catch (Exception e){
e.printStackTrace();
}finally {
lock.unlock();
}
}
public void printC() {
lock.lock();
try{
while (number !=3) { // 1
// 等待
condition3.await();
}
number=1;
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "=>" +"CCCCCCC");
// 通知其他线程,我-1完毕了
condition1.signalAll();
}catch (Exception e){
e.printStackTrace();
}finally {
lock.unlock();
}
}
}
7.锁现象
- 一个对象,synchronized在方法中,锁的是调用者,几个方法用的是同一个锁,那么谁先占用锁,谁就先运行。
- 两个对象,synchronized在方法中,就有两个同步方法,谁先调用谁就先执行。
- 一个对象,方法都为静态方法,synchronized在方法中,这时候锁的是类模板,只有一个锁,谁先占用谁就先执行
- 两个对象,方法为静态方法,synchronized在方法中,也是有两个同步方法,谁先调用谁就先执行