ansible学习笔记---理论+实操

ansible是什么？

Ansible 是近年越来越火的一款运维自动化工具，是基于python语言开发的。底层基于ssh。

其主要功能是帮忙运维实现 IT 工作的自动化、降低人为操作失误，提升运维工作效率

常用于软件批量部署自动化、批量配置自动化、批量管理自动化、持续集成等。

ansible的相似软件,自动化运维类（集中批量管理）

saltstack
puppet

ansible有哪些组件

1.host inventory 主机清单

定义客户机 ---需要去控制的客户机，可以对客户机进行分组：如web组、db组、redis组、flask组、django组等

2.playbook 剧本，配置文档

写明了ansible需要哪些客户机做哪些事情 

3.module 模块

每个模块实现相应的功能		安装软件、复制文件、服务管理（启动、停止、重启）、执行linux命令等				

4.plugins 插件

依附于ansible的一个小软件，实现某个小功能。

ansible的工作模式

Ansible 系统由控制主机对被管节点的操作方式可分为两类，即adhoc和playbook：

ad-hoc模式(点对点模式)

使用单个模块，支持批量执行单条命令。

ad-hoc 命令是一种可以快速输入的命令，而且不需要保存起来的命令

就相当于bash中的一句话shell。

playbook模式(剧本模式)

是Ansible主要管理方式，也是Ansible功能强大的关键所在。

playbook通过多个task集合完成一类功能，如Web服务的安装部署、数据库服务器的批量备份等。

可以简单地把playbook理解为通过组合多条ad-hoc操作的配置文件。

ansible 常用的功能模块

语法检测：

--syntax-check
 -C
效果一样
[root@ansible playbooks]# ansible-playbook --syntax-check redis.yaml 
[root@ansible playbooks]# ansible-playbook -C redis_v1.yaml

copy：从本机到远程，实现文件的分发，推送

参数说明:
src= 源文件路径
dest= 目标路径 
注意src= 路径后面带/ 表示带里面的所有内容复制到目标目录下，不带/是目录递归复制过去
content= 自行填充的文件内容
owner 属主
group 属组
mode权限

fetch:从远程主机拉取文件到本机

[root@ansible ~]# ansible all  -m fetch -a "src=/tmp/hi.txt dest=/tmp"

command：裸执行linux命令，不能识别管道

shell:执行linux命令，可以识别管道

service：配置相关服务

ansible webdaozhu -m service -a "name=nignx state=stopped enabled=true"

state的几种状态：
reloaded  --优雅的重启
restarted ---重启
started --启动
stopped --停止

enabled =true  设置开机启动

yum:—安装卸载软件

常用参数说明:
enablerepo,disablerepo表示启用与禁用某repo库
name 安装包名
state (present' orinstalled', latest')表示安装, (absent' or `removed') 表示删除

eg:通过安装epel扩展源并安装nginx
[root@ansible ~]# ansible all -m yum -a "name=epel-release state=installed
[root@ansible ~]# ansible all -m yum -a "name=nginx state=installed"

script模块 = shell +copy

把本地的脚本传到远端执行;前提是到远端可以执行

ansible all -m script -a "/root/test.sh"

cron —设置计划任务

minute
hour
day 
month
weekday
eg:   ansible all -m cron -a "minute=0 hour=8-18 month=5 weekday=1-5 job='bash /root/iptables.sh' name=runiptables2"

删除计划任务
ansible all -m cron -a "name=update_time state=absent"

file --文件相关操作

设置文件属性(创建文件)
常用参数:
path目标路径
state directory为目录,link为软件链接
group 目录属组
owner 属主
等等,其他参数通过ansible-doc -s file 获取

示例：
创建目录
[root@ansible ~]# ansible all -m file -a "path=/var/tmp/hello.dir state=directory"

创建软件链接
ansible all -m file -a "src=/tmp/hi.txt path=/var/tmp/hi.link state=link"

ansible的使用格式

HOST-PATTERN      #匹配主机模式,如all表示所有主机
-m MOD_NAME       #模块名   如:ping
-a MOD_ARGS        #模块执行的参数
-f FORKS                  #生成几个子进行程执行
-C                               #(不执行，模拟跑)
-u Username             #某主机的用户名
-c  CONNection        #连接方式（default smart）    

完整示例:
[root@ansible ~]# ansible all -m shell -a "ifconfig|grep enp0s3"

ansible的安装

安装在哪：   ansible安装在linux里的管理节点上，被管理的机器不需要安装,但被管理的节点需要有ssh 服务，centos7/8 默认有安装openssh 可以提供ssh服务

如何安装：   yum install ansible -y
ansible可以管理windows机器，但默认需要安装一些软件

window里如何生成密钥，上传到linux里，建立密钥认证

在xshell 里 ---点工具---新建用户密钥生成向导---选择ecdsa类型的密钥--密钥长度默认---自定义密钥名称---密钥栏设为空（免密登录）---保存公钥文件到桌面----将公钥文件传到linux里，并将其放到/etc/.ssh/authorized_keys文件里（cat  id_ecdsa_256_sc.pub  >> authorized_keys）

ansible 实操

实验环境：

3台虚拟机（centos7为例）
主机名：ansible         ip：192.168.0.211
主机名：node1-web  ip :192.168.0.172 
主机名：node2-db     ip :1921.68.0.173

实验步骤：
1，更改主机名

#临时修改主机名
[root@localhost ~]# hostname ansible
[root@localhost ~]# su - root
上一次登录：六 10月 17 15:22:31 CST 2020从 192.168.0.28pts/1 上
#永久修改主机名
[root@ansible ~]# vim /etc/hostname
[root@ansible ~]# cat /etc/hostname
ansible

#临时修改主机名
[root@server ~]# hostname node1-web
[root@server ~]# su - root
上一次登录：六 10月 17 15:00:05 CST 2020从 192.168.0.28pts/0 上
#永久修改主机名
[root@node1-web ~]# vim /etc/hostname
[root@node1-web ~]# cat /etc/hostname
node1-web

#临时修改主机名
[root@client ~]# hostname node2-db
[root@client ~]# su - root
上一次登录：六 10月 17 15:00:58 CST 2020从 192.168.0.28pts/0 上
#永久修改主机名
[root@node2-db ~]# vim /etc/hostname
[root@node2-db ~]# cat /etc/hostname
node2-db

2，先建立免密通道

[root@ansible ~]# ps aux|grep sshd
root       7048  0.0  0.4 112756  4312 ?        Ss   15:04   0:00 /usr/sbin/sshd -D
root       7760  0.0  0.5 158760  5580 ?        Ss   15:22   0:00 sshd: root@pts/1
root      17654  0.0  0.0 112724   988 pts/1    S+   18:26   0:00 grep --color=auto sshd
[root@ansible ~]# cd /etc/ssh
[root@ansible ssh]# ls
moduli       ssh_host_ecdsa_key      ssh_host_ed25519_key.pub
ssh_config   ssh_host_ecdsa_key.pub  ssh_host_rsa_key
sshd_config  ssh_host_ed25519_key    ssh_host_rsa_key.pub

在ansible主机上生成ecdsa类型的密钥

[root@ansible ssh]# ssh-keygen -t ecdsa
Generating public/private ecdsa key pair.
Enter file in which to save the key (/root/.ssh/id_ecdsa): 
Created directory '/root/.ssh'.
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase): 
Enter same passphrase again: 
Your identification has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_ecdsa.
Your public key has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_ecdsa.pub.
The key fingerprint is:
SHA256:fH71sWdKHCMtVk3GPoSwK8UcpfCSc6vIIASI8LEZAXE root@ansible
The key's randomart image is:
+---[ECDSA 256]---+
|B+E.     . oo...o|
|oo.=      * +. =.|
|  +.     + O  o..|
|  .    .  = oo ..|
|   . .  S..o+ =..|
|    . o .oo. = +o|
|       o .. . o.+|
|           . . o.|
|              .  |
+----[SHA256]-----+
[root@ansible ssh]# cd /root/.ssh/
[root@ansible .ssh]# ll
总用量 8
-rw-------. 1 root root 227 10月 17 18:31 id_ecdsa --私钥
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 174 10月 17 18:31 id_ecdsa.pub  --公钥

将公钥上传到被控制的服务器node1-web和node2-db上

#上传密钥至node1-web
[root@ansible .ssh]# ssh-copy-id -p22 -i id_ecdsa.pub   root@192.168.0.172
/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: Source of key(s) to be installed: "id_ecdsa.pub"
The authenticity of host '192.168.0.172 (192.168.0.172)' can't be established.
ECDSA key fingerprint is SHA256:RAFPf4IJfMT3AiTfKGqSw7oXSV6ij02Un3NfA0IIozY.
ECDSA key fingerprint is MD5:af:a3:30:a0:52:3b:a8:e6:df:e4:94:68:ca:bc:e9:42.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes
/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: attempting to log in with the new key(s), to filter out any that are already installed
/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: 1 key(s) remain to be installed -- if you are prompted now it is to install the new keys
root@192.168.0.172's password: 

Number of key(s) added: 1

Now try logging into the machine, with:   "ssh -p '22' 'root@192.168.0.172'"
and check to make sure that only the key(s) you wanted were added.

#上传密钥至node2-db
[root@ansible .ssh]# ssh-copy-id -p22 -i id_ecdsa.pub   root@192.168.0.173
/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: Source of key(s) to be installed: "id_ecdsa.pub"
The authenticity of host '192.168.0.173 (192.168.0.173)' can't be established.
ECDSA key fingerprint is SHA256:RAFPf4IJfMT3AiTfKGqSw7oXSV6ij02Un3NfA0IIozY.
ECDSA key fingerprint is MD5:af:a3:30:a0:52:3b:a8:e6:df:e4:94:68:ca:bc:e9:42.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes
/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: attempting to log in with the new key(s), to filter out any that are already installed
/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: 1 key(s) remain to be installed -- if you are prompted now it is to install the new keys
root@192.168.0.173's password: 

Number of key(s) added: 1

Now try logging into the machine, with:   "ssh -p '22' 'root@192.168.0.173'"
and check to make sure that only the key(s) you wanted were added.

在ansible主机上验证一下是否可以免密登录

[root@node1-web .ssh]# ssh 'root@192.168.0.173'
Last login: Sat Oct 17 18:49:43 2020 from 192.168.0.172
[root@node2-db ~]# 

[root@node1-web .ssh]# ssh 'root@192.168.0.172'
Last login: Sat Oct 17 18:55:24 2020 from node1-web
[root@node1-web ~]# 

查看主机清单–hosts文件

[root@ansible ~]# cd /etc/ansible
[root@ansible ansible]# ls
ansible.cfg  hosts  roles
[root@ansible ansible]# vim hosts
[root@ansible ansible]# cat hosts
# This is the default ansible 'hosts' file.
#
# It should live in /etc/ansible/hosts
#
#   - Comments begin with the '#' character
#   - Blank lines are ignored
#   - Groups of hosts are delimited by [header] elements
#   - You can enter hostnames or ip addresses
#   - A hostname/ip can be a member of multiple groups

# Ex 1: Ungrouped hosts, specify before any group headers.

## green.example.com
## blue.example.com
## 192.168.100.1
## 192.168.100.10

# Ex 2: A collection of hosts belonging to the 'webservers' group
[web]
192.168.0.172
[db]
192.168.0.173
## [webservers]
## alpha.example.org
## beta.example.org
## 192.168.1.100
## 192.168.1.110

ansible 的简单使用
在ansible主机上使用某个模块，去所有主机上执行命令

[root@ansible ansible]# ansible all -m shell -a "ip add"
192.168.0.172 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
    inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 ::1/128 scope host 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: ens33: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:91:4f:94 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 192.168.0.172/24 brd 192.168.0.255 scope global noprefixroute ens33
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fe91:4f94/64 scope link 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
192.168.0.173 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
    inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 ::1/128 scope host 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: ens33: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:3f:f2:d9 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 192.168.0.173/24 brd 192.168.0.255 scope global noprefixroute ens33
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fe3f:f2d9/64 scope link 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

warning：新建文件夹用file模块比shell更好

[root@ansible ansible]# ansible all -m shell -a "mkdir /sc/lele -p"
[WARNING]: Consider using the file module with state=directory rather than
running 'mkdir'.  If you need to use command because file is insufficient you
can add 'warn: false' to this command task or set 'command_warnings=False' in
ansible.cfg to get rid of this message.
192.168.0.172 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>

192.168.0.173 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>

指定主机组进行操作

[root@ansible ansible]# ansible db -m shell -a "mkdir /sc/lele/db -p"
[WARNING]: Consider using the file module with state=directory rather than
running 'mkdir'.  If you need to use command because file is insufficient you
can add 'warn: false' to this command task or set 'command_warnings=False' in
ansible.cfg to get rid of this message.
192.168.0.173 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>

[root@ansible ansible]# ansible web -m shell -a "mkdir /sc/lele/web -p"
[WARNING]: Consider using the file module with state=directory rather than
running 'mkdir'.  If you need to use command because file is insufficient you
can add 'warn: false' to this command task or set 'command_warnings=False' in
ansible.cfg to get rid of this message.
192.168.0.172 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>

ansible的常用命令

ansible-doc 查看某个模块的用法，相当于help，man,按q退出

[root@ansible ansible]# ansible-doc shell
> SHELL    (/usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages/ansible/modules/c

        The `shell' module takes the command name followed by 
        of space-delimited arguments. Either a free form comma
        `cmd' parameter is required, see the examples. It is a
        exactly like the [command] module but runs the command
        a shell (`/bin/sh') on the remote node. For Windows ta
        use the [win_shell] module instead.

  * This module is maintained by The Ansible Core Team
  * note: This module has a corresponding action plugin.

OPTIONS (= is mandatory):

- chdir
        Change into this directory before running the command.
        [Default: (null)]
        type: path
        version_added: 0.6

- cmd
        The command to run followed by optional arguments.
        [Default: (null)]
        type: str

- creates
        A filename, when it already exists, this step will *no
        run.
        [Default: (null)]
        type: path

- executable
:

查看ansible有哪些模块,可以去官网查看具体内容

[root@ansible ansible]# ansible-doc -l
fortios_router_community_list                                 
azure_rm_devtestlab_info                                      
ecs_taskdefinition                                            
avi_alertscriptconfig                                         
tower_receive                                                 
netapp_e_iscsi_target                                         
azure_rm_acs                                                  
fortios_log_syslogd2_filter                                   
junos_rpc                                                     
na_elementsw_vlan                                             
pn_ospf                                                       
pn_snmp_vacm                                                  
cp_mgmt_service_sctp                                          
onyx_ospf                                                     
icx_command                                                   
cs_snapshot_policy                                            
nxos_install_os                                               
cnos_static_route                                             
win_eventlog                                                  
vmware_category                                               
vmware_host_feature_info                                      
avi_cluster                                                   
na_ontap_user                                                 
......                                
:

常用模块：
copy
shell 执行shell命令
script 跑脚本
fetch 从远程主机拉取模块到本地
cron 创建计划任务

:

[root@ansible ansible]# mkdir /lianxi
[root@ansible ansible]# cd /lianxi
[root@ansible lianxi]# ls
[root@ansible lianxi]# vim feng.sh
[root@ansible lianxi]# cat feng.sh
#!/bin/bash
touch /root/feng{1..10}.txt

在所有主机上新建用户

[root@ansible lianxi]# ansible all -m user -a "name=sczwx" 
192.168.0.172 | CHANGED => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    }, 
    "changed": true, 
    "comment": "", 
    "create_home": true, 
    "group": 1001, 
    "home": "/home/sczwx", 
    "name": "sczwx", 
    "shell": "/bin/bash", 
    "state": "present", 
    "system": false, 
    "uid": 1001
}
192.168.0.173 | CHANGED => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    }, 
    "changed": true, 
    "comment": "", 
    "create_home": true, 
    "group": 1001, 
    "home": "/home/sczwx", 
    "name": "sczwx", 
    "shell": "/bin/bash", 
    "state": "present", 
    "system": false, 
    "uid": 1001
}

将ansible主机上的文件传送到各个主机上，并规定该文件的权限，属主和属组

[root@ansible lianxi]# ansible all -m copy -a "src=/lianxi/feng.sh dest=/root mode=777 owner=sczwx group=sczwx"
192.168.0.172 | CHANGED => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    }, 
    "changed": true, 
    "checksum": "22ae77faaa8e67b7d9b087fa7ffe6336cd6d46e3", 
    "dest": "/root/feng.sh", 
    "gid": 1001, 
    "group": "sczwx", 
    "md5sum": "a8142c12949d65cce2ed3add4e943d3a", 
    "mode": "0777", 
    "owner": "sczwx", 
    "secontext": "system_u:object_r:admin_home_t:s0", 
    "size": 41, 
    "src": "/root/.ansible/tmp/ansible-tmp-1602987387.13-18854-27236434212338/source", 
    "state": "file", 
    "uid": 1001
}
192.168.0.173 | CHANGED => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    }, 
    "changed": true, 
    "checksum": "22ae77faaa8e67b7d9b087fa7ffe6336cd6d46e3", 
    "dest": "/root/feng.sh", 
    "gid": 1001, 
    "group": "sczwx", 
    "md5sum": "a8142c12949d65cce2ed3add4e943d3a", 
    "mode": "0777", 
    "owner": "sczwx", 
    "secontext": "system_u:object_r:admin_home_t:s0", 
    "size": 41, 
    "src": "/root/.ansible/tmp/ansible-tmp-1602987387.13-18855-2677683065084/source", 
    "state": "file", 
    "uid": 1001
}
[root@ansible lianxi]# 

将远程主机上的文件拉取到本地

[root@ansible lianxi]# ansible all -m fetch -a "src=/etc/passwd dest=/lianxi"
192.168.0.173 | CHANGED => {
    "changed": true, 
    "checksum": "489f53603354949cde551f0805c37c7479e46b38", 
    "dest": "/lianxi/192.168.0.173/etc/passwd", 
    "md5sum": "8ef55b8ac28514959588d15a36534579", 
    "remote_checksum": "489f53603354949cde551f0805c37c7479e46b38", 
    "remote_md5sum": null
}
192.168.0.172 | CHANGED => {
    "changed": true, 
    "checksum": "09134eb68efd7842beef48cee20514073cb0c51f", 
    "dest": "/lianxi/192.168.0.172/etc/passwd", 
    "md5sum": "5fa4efa58243dfe1b7c66939dbe5f1c1", 
    "remote_checksum": "09134eb68efd7842beef48cee20514073cb0c51f", 
    "remote_md5sum": null
}
[root@ansible lianxi]# tree
.
├── 192.168.0.172
│   └── etc
│       └── passwd
├── 192.168.0.173
│   └── etc
│       └── passwd
└── feng.sh

4 directories, 3 files

command和shell模块的区别
command和shell都可以执行linux命令，但command模块不能识别管道符号，即只能执行单一命令，不能识别组合命令，裸执行

file 模块 新建文件/文件夹
— state：touch 空文件 | directory 目录 |link 软链接文件| hard 硬链接 | absent 删除文件和文件夹

#新建文件夹
 [root@ansible lianxi]# ansible all -m file -a "path=/gus state=directory" 
192.168.0.172 | CHANGED => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    }, 
    "changed": true, 
    "gid": 0, 
    "group": "root", 
    "mode": "0755", 
    "owner": "root", 
    "path": "/gus", 
    "secontext": "unconfined_u:object_r:default_t:s0", 
    "size": 6, 
    "state": "directory", 
    "uid": 0
}
192.168.0.173 | CHANGED => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    }, 
    "changed": true, 
    "gid": 0, 
    "group": "root", 
    "mode": "0755", 
    "owner": "root", 
    "path": "/gus", 
    "secontext": "unconfined_u:object_r:default_t:s0", 
    "size": 6, 
    "state": "directory", 
    "uid": 0
}
#新建文件
[root@ansible lianxi]# ansible all -m file -a "path=/gus/lele.txt state=touch" 
192.168.0.173 | CHANGED => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    }, 
    "changed": true, 
    "dest": "/gus/lele.txt", 
    "gid": 0, 
    "group": "root", 
    "mode": "0644", 
    "owner": "root", 
    "secontext": "unconfined_u:object_r:default_t:s0", 
    "size": 0, 
    "state": "file", 
    "uid": 0
}
192.168.0.172 | CHANGED => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    }, 
    "changed": true, 
    "dest": "/gus/lele.txt", 
    "gid": 0, 
    "group": "root", 
    "mode": "0644", 
    "owner": "root", 
    "secontext": "unconfined_u:object_r:default_t:s0", 
    "size": 0, 
    "state": "file", 
    "uid": 0
}
#新建链接文件
[root@ansible lianxi]# ansible all -m file -a "path=/gus/lele.txt state=touch" 
192.168.0.173 | CHANGED => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    }, 
    "changed": true, 
    "dest": "/gus/lele.txt", 
    "gid": 0, 
    "group": "root", 
    "mode": "0644", 
    "owner": "root", 
    "secontext": "unconfined_u:object_r:default_t:s0", 
    "size": 0, 
    "state": "file", 
    "uid": 0
}
192.168.0.172 | CHANGED => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    }, 
    "changed": true, 
    "dest": "/gus/lele.txt", 
    "gid": 0, 
    "group": "root", 
    "mode": "0644", 
    "owner": "root", 
    "secontext": "unconfined_u:object_r:default_t:s0", 
    "size": 0, 
    "state": "file", 
    "uid": 0
}
[root@ansible lianxi]# ansible all -m file -a "src=/gus/lele.txt path=/gus/yanle state=link" 
192.168.0.172 | CHANGED => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    }, 
    "changed": true, 
    "dest": "/gus/yanle", 
    "gid": 0, 
    "group": "root", 
    "mode": "0777", 
    "owner": "root", 
    "secontext": "unconfined_u:object_r:default_t:s0", 
    "size": 13, 
    "src": "/gus/lele.txt", 
    "state": "link", 
    "uid": 0
}
192.168.0.173 | CHANGED => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    }, 
    "changed": true, 
    "dest": "/gus/yanle", 
    "gid": 0, 
    "group": "root", 
    "mode": "0777", 
    "owner": "root", 
    "secontext": "unconfined_u:object_r:default_t:s0", 
    "size": 13, 
    "src": "/gus/lele.txt", 
    "state": "link", 
    "uid": 0
}
#删除文件
[root@ansible lianxi]# ansible all -m file -a "path=/gus/lele.txt state=absent" 
192.168.0.172 | CHANGED => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    }, 
    "changed": true, 
    "path": "/gus/lele.txt", 
    "state": "absent"
}
192.168.0.173 | CHANGED => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    }, 
    "changed": true, 
    "path": "/gus/lele.txt", 
    "state": "absent"
}

计划任务模块 cron
五个时间段 从左到右 分别为
minute (0-59)
hour(0-23)
day of month(1-31)
month(1-12)
day of week(0-6)

[root@ansible lianxi]# ansible all -m cron -a "minute=*/3 job='date >>/gushuai/date.txt' name=gus_date"
192.168.0.172 | CHANGED => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    }, 
    "changed": true, 
    "envs": [], 
    "jobs": [
        "gus_date"
    ]
}
192.168.0.173 | CHANGED => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    }, 
    "changed": true, 
    "envs": [], 
    "jobs": [
        "gus_date"
    ]
}

#查看一下
[root@node2-db ~]# crontab -l
#Ansible: gus_date
*/3 * * * * date >>/gushuai/date.txt

[root@node1-web ~]# crontab -l
#Ansible: gus_date
*/3 * * * * date >>/gushuai/date.txt
您在 /var/spool/mail/root 中有邮件

由于名字一样，所以会把原来的替换掉

[root@ansible lianxi]# ansible all -m cron -a "minute=*/30 hour=1 day=15 month=10 job='bash /gus/gu.sh' name=gus_date"
192.168.0.172 | CHANGED => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    }, 
    "changed": true, 
    "envs": [], 
    "jobs": [
        "gus_date"
    ]
}
192.168.0.173 | CHANGED => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    }, 
    "changed": true, 
    "envs": [], 
    "jobs": [
        "gus_date"
    ]
}

[root@node1-web ~]# crontab -l
#Ansible: gus_date
*/30 1 15 10 * bash /gus/gu.sh

[root@node2-db ~]# crontab -l
#Ansible: gus_date
*/30 1 15 10 * bash /gus/gu.sh

删除计划任务

[root@ansible lianxi]# ansible all -m cron -a "name=gus_date state=absent"
192.168.0.172 | CHANGED => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    }, 
    "changed": true, 
    "envs": [], 
    "jobs": []
}
192.168.0.173 | CHANGED => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    }, 
    "changed": true, 
    "envs": [], 
    "jobs": []
}

小练习：在ansible 机器上写好脚本；把脚本推到node服务器上；创建计划任务

[root@ansible lianxi]# cat backup_log.sh 
#!/bin/bash
#年-月-日形式显示

ctime=$(date +%F%H%M%S)
mkdir -p /backup
tar czf /backup/${ctime}-log.tar.gz /var/log



[root@ansible lianxi]# ansible all -m copy -a "src=/lianxi/backup_log.sh dest=/gus"
192.168.0.173 | SUCCESS => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    }, 
    "changed": false, 
    "checksum": "8f60eabd3608114ebdeb0668eaf3ada43be7cb67", 
    "dest": "/gus/backup_log.sh", 
    "gid": 0, 
    "group": "root", 
    "mode": "0644", 
    "owner": "root", 
    "path": "/gus/backup_log.sh", 
    "secontext": "system_u:object_r:default_t:s0", 
    "size": 120, 
    "state": "file", 
    "uid": 0
}
192.168.0.172 | SUCCESS => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    }, 
    "changed": false, 
    "checksum": "8f60eabd3608114ebdeb0668eaf3ada43be7cb67", 
    "dest": "/gus/backup_log.sh", 
    "gid": 0, 
    "group": "root", 
    "mode": "0644", 
    "owner": "root", 
    "path": "/gus/backup_log.sh", 
    "secontext": "system_u:object_r:default_t:s0", 
    "size": 120, 
    "state": "file", 
    "uid": 0
}
[root@ansible lianxi]# 

[root@ansible lianxi]# ansible all -m cron -a "minute=30 hour=2 job='bash /gus/backup_log.sh' name=backup_cron"
192.168.0.173 | CHANGED => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    }, 
    "changed": true, 
    "envs": [], 
    "jobs": [
        "backup_cron"
    ]
}
192.168.0.172 | CHANGED => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    }, 
    "changed": true, 
    "envs": [], 
    "jobs": [
        "backup_cron"
    ]
}

[root@node2-db gus]# crontab -l
#Ansible: backup_cron
30 2 * * * bash /gus/backup_log.sh

yum 模块 ----安装软件

常用参数
name ：安装的软件包名
state ：present installed lastest 表示安装 absent/removed 表示删除

[root@ansible lianxi]# ansible all -m yum -a "name=tree state=installed"

192.168.0.173 | CHANGED => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    }, 
    "changed": true, 
    "changes": {
        "installed": [
            "tree"
        ]
    }, 
    "msg": "", 
    "rc": 0, 
    "results": [
        "Loaded plugins: fastestmirror\nLoading mirror speeds from cached hostfile\n * base: mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn\n * extras: mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn\n * updates: mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn\nResolving Dependencies\n--> Running transaction check\n---> Package tree.x86_64 0:1.6.0-10.el7 will be installed\n--> Finished Dependency Resolution\n\nDependencies Resolved\n\n================================================================================\n Package        Arch             Version                   Repository      Size\n================================================================================\nInstalling:\n tree           x86_64           1.6.0-10.el7              base            46 k\n\nTransaction Summary\n================================================================================\nInstall  1 Package\n\nTotal download size: 46 k\nInstalled size: 87 k\nDownloading packages:\nRunning transaction check\nRunning transaction test\nTransaction test succeeded\nRunning transaction\n  Installing : tree-1.6.0-10.el7.x86_64                                     1/1 \n  Verifying  : tree-1.6.0-10.el7.x86_64                                     1/1 \n\nInstalled:\n  tree.x86_64 0:1.6.0-10.el7                                                    \n\nComplete!\n"
    ]
}

192.168.0.172 | CHANGED => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    }, 
    "changed": true, 
    "changes": {
        "installed": [
            "tree"
        ]
    }, 
    "msg": "", 
    "rc": 0, 
    "results": [
        "Loaded plugins: fastestmirror\nLoading mirror speeds from cached hostfile\n * base: mirrors.163.com\n * epel: d2lzkl7pfhq30w.cloudfront.net\n * extras: mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn\n * updates: mirrors.163.com\nResolving Dependencies\n--> Running transaction check\n---> Package tree.x86_64 0:1.6.0-10.el7 will be installed\n--> Finished Dependency Resolution\n\nDependencies Resolved\n\n================================================================================\n Package        Arch             Version                   Repository      Size\n================================================================================\nInstalling:\n tree           x86_64           1.6.0-10.el7              base            46 k\n\nTransaction Summary\n================================================================================\nInstall  1 Package\n\nTotal download size: 46 k\nInstalled size: 87 k\nDownloading packages:\nRunning transaction check\nRunning transaction test\nTransaction test succeeded\nRunning transaction\n  Installing : tree-1.6.0-10.el7.x86_64                                     1/1 \n  Verifying  : tree-1.6.0-10.el7.x86_64                                     1/1 \n\nInstalled:\n  tree.x86_64 0:1.6.0-10.el7                                                    \n\nComplete!\n"
    ]
}

[root@node2-db gus]# tree
.
├── backup_log.sh
└── yanle -> /gus/lele.txt

0 directories, 2 files
[root@node2-db gus]# 

多进程删除软件
-f n --启动n个进程去执行

[root@ansible lianxi]# ansible all -f 2 -m yum -a "name=tree state=removed"
192.168.0.172 | CHANGED => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    }, 
    "changed": true, 
    "changes": {
        "removed": [
            "tree"
        ]
    }, 
    "msg": "", 
    "rc": 0, 
    "results": [
        "已加载插件：fastestmirror\n正在解决依赖关系\n--> 正在检查事务\n---> 软件包 tree.x86_64.0.1.6.0-10.el7 将被 删除\n--> 解决依赖关系完成\n\n依赖关系解决\n\n================================================================================\n Package        架构             版本                     源               大小\n================================================================================\n正在删除:\n tree           x86_64           1.6.0-10.el7             @base            87 k\n\n事务概要\n================================================================================\n移除  1 软件包\n\n安装大小：87 k\nDownloading packages:\nRunning transaction check\nRunning transaction test\nTransaction test succeeded\nRunning transaction\n  正在删除    : tree-1.6.0-10.el7.x86_64                                    1/1 \n  验证中      : tree-1.6.0-10.el7.x86_64                                    1/1 \n\n删除:\n  tree.x86_64 0:1.6.0-10.el7                                                    \n\n完毕！\n"
    ]
}
192.168.0.173 | CHANGED => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    }, 
    "changed": true, 
    "changes": {
        "removed": [
            "tree"
        ]
    }, 
    "msg": "", 
    "rc": 0, 
    "results": [
        "已加载插件：fastestmirror\n正在解决依赖关系\n--> 正在检查事务\n---> 软件包 tree.x86_64.0.1.6.0-10.el7 将被 删除\n--> 解决依赖关系完成\n\n依赖关系解决\n\n================================================================================\n Package        架构             版本                     源               大小\n================================================================================\n正在删除:\n tree           x86_64           1.6.0-10.el7             @base            87 k\n\n事务概要\n================================================================================\n移除  1 软件包\n\n安装大小：87 k\nDownloading packages:\nRunning transaction check\nRunning transaction test\nTransaction test succeeded\nRunning transaction\n  正在删除    : tree-1.6.0-10.el7.x86_64                                    1/1 \n  验证中      : tree-1.6.0-10.el7.x86_64                                    1/1 \n\n删除:\n  tree.x86_64 0:1.6.0-10.el7                                                    \n\n完毕！\n"
    ]
}

service 模块
服务管理模块
常用参数
name 服务名
state 服务的状态
enabled 是否开机启动 true|false
runlevel 启动级别

安装ftp

[root@ansible lianxi]# ansible all -f 2 -m yum -a "name=vsftpd state=installed"
192.168.0.173 | CHANGED => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    }, 
    "changed": true, 
    "changes": {
        "installed": [
            "vsftpd"
        ]
    }, 
    "msg": "", 
    "rc": 0, 
    "results": [
        "Loaded plugins: fastestmirror\nLoading mirror speeds from cached hostfile\n * base: mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn\n * extras: mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn\n * updates: mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn\nResolving Dependencies\n--> Running transaction check\n---> Package vsftpd.x86_64 0:3.0.2-27.el7 will be installed\n--> Finished Dependency Resolution\n\nDependencies Resolved\n\n================================================================================\n Package          Arch             Version                 Repository      Size\n================================================================================\nInstalling:\n vsftpd           x86_64           3.0.2-27.el7            base           172 k\n\nTransaction Summary\n================================================================================\nInstall  1 Package\n\nTotal download size: 172 k\nInstalled size: 353 k\nDownloading packages:\nRunning transaction check\nRunning transaction test\nTransaction test succeeded\nRunning transaction\n  Installing : vsftpd-3.0.2-27.el7.x86_64                                   1/1 \n  Verifying  : vsftpd-3.0.2-27.el7.x86_64                                   1/1 \n\nInstalled:\n  vsftpd.x86_64 0:3.0.2-27.el7                                                  \n\nComplete!\n"
    ]
}
192.168.0.172 | CHANGED => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    }, 
    "changed": true, 
    "changes": {
        "installed": [
            "vsftpd"
        ]
    }, 
    "msg": "", 
    "rc": 0, 
    "results": [
        "Loaded plugins: fastestmirror\nLoading mirror speeds from cached hostfile\n * base: mirrors.163.com\n * epel: d2lzkl7pfhq30w.cloudfront.net\n * extras: mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn\n * updates: mirrors.163.com\nResolving Dependencies\n--> Running transaction check\n---> Package vsftpd.x86_64 0:3.0.2-27.el7 will be installed\n--> Finished Dependency Resolution\n\nDependencies Resolved\n\n================================================================================\n Package          Arch             Version                 Repository      Size\n================================================================================\nInstalling:\n vsftpd           x86_64           3.0.2-27.el7            base           172 k\n\nTransaction Summary\n================================================================================\nInstall  1 Package\n\nTotal download size: 172 k\nInstalled size: 353 k\nDownloading packages:\nRunning transaction check\nRunning transaction test\nTransaction test succeeded\nRunning transaction\n  Installing : vsftpd-3.0.2-27.el7.x86_64                                   1/1 \n  Verifying  : vsftpd-3.0.2-27.el7.x86_64                                   1/1 \n\nInstalled:\n  vsftpd.x86_64 0:3.0.2-27.el7                                                  \n\nComplete!\n"
    ]
}
[root@ansible lianxi]# 

起服务

[root@ansible lianxi]# ansible all -m service -a "name=vsftpd state=started enabled=true"
192.168.0.172 | CHANGED => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    }, 
    "changed": true, 
    "enabled": true, 
    "name": "vsftpd", 
    "state": "started", 
    "status": {
        "ActiveEnterTimestampMonotonic": "0", 
        "ActiveExitTimestampMonotonic": "0", 
        "ActiveState": "inactive", 
        "After": "systemd-journald.socket basic.target system.slice network.target", 
        "AllowIsolate": "no", 
        "AmbientCapabilities": "0", 
        "AssertResult": "no", 
        "AssertTimestampMonotonic": "0", 
        "Before": "shutdown.target", 
        "BlockIOAccounting": "no", 
        "BlockIOWeight": "18446744073709551615", 
        "CPUAccounting": "no", 
        "CPUQuotaPerSecUSec": "infinity", 
        "CPUSchedulingPolicy": "0", 
        "CPUSchedulingPriority": "0", 
        "CPUSchedulingResetOnFork": "no", 
        "CPUShares": "18446744073709551615", 
        "CanIsolate": "no", 
        "CanReload": "no", 
        "CanStart": "yes", 
        "CanStop": "yes", 
        "CapabilityBoundingSet": "18446744073709551615", 
        ......
      

script模块
把本地的脚本传到远端执行，前提是到远端可以执行；=copy+shell

[root@ansible lianxi]# ansible all -m script -a "/lianxi/backup_log.sh"
192.168.0.172 | CHANGED => {
    "changed": true, 
    "rc": 0, 
    "stderr": "Shared connection to 192.168.0.172 closed.\r\n", 
    "stderr_lines": [
        "Shared connection to 192.168.0.172 closed."
    ], 
    "stdout": "tar: 从成员名中删除开头的“/”\r\n", 
    "stdout_lines": [
        "tar: 从成员名中删除开头的“/”"
    ]
}
192.168.0.173 | CHANGED => {
    "changed": true, 
    "rc": 0, 
    "stderr": "Shared connection to 192.168.0.173 closed.\r\n", 
    "stderr_lines": [
        "Shared connection to 192.168.0.173 closed."
    ], 
    "stdout": "tar: 从成员名中删除开头的“/”\r\n", 
    "stdout_lines": [
        "tar: 从成员名中删除开头的“/”"
    ]
}

[root@node2-db backup]# ls
2020-10-18131404-log.tar.gz 

playbook 的学习

playbook是ansible的配置，部署，和编排的语言，playbook相当于一个指导手册

playbook 是基于YAML 语言格式配置的

playbook的核心元素
hosts playbook 配置文件作用的主机
tasks 任务列表
variables : 变量
templates 包含模板语法的文本文件
handlers 由特定条件触发的任务，异常捕获
roles 用于层次性，结构化的组织playbook， roles能够根据层次型结构自动装载变量文件，tasks以及handlers等

playbook运行方式
ansible-playbook --check 只检测可能会发生的改变，但不真执行操作
ansible-playbook --list-hosts 列出运行任务的主机
ansible-playbook --syntax-check playbook.yaml 语法检测
ansible-playbook -t TAGS_NAME playbook.yaml 只执行TAGS_NAME任务

实操

[root@ansible lianxi]# vim first_redis.yaml
[root@ansible lianxi]# cat first_redis.yaml
- hosts: all
  remote_user: root
  tasks:
  - name: install redis
    yum: name=redis state=installed
  - name: start redis
    service: name=redis state=started
  - name: install tree
    yum: name=tree state=installed
#语法检测
[root@ansible lianxi]# ansible-playbook --syntax-check first_redis.yaml

playbook: first_redis.yaml
[root@ansible lianxi]# 

#查看playbook会在哪些机器上执行

[root@ansible lianxi]# ansible-playbook --list-hosts first_redis.yaml

playbook: first_redis.yaml

  play #1 (all): all	TAGS: []
    pattern: [u'all']
    hosts (2):
      192.168.0.172
      192.168.0.173

执行playbook

[root@ansible lianxi]# ansible-playbook first_redis.yaml

PLAY [all] *********************************************************************

TASK [Gathering Facts] *********************************************************
ok: [192.168.0.172]
ok: [192.168.0.173]

TASK [install redis] ***********************************************************
fatal: [192.168.0.173]: FAILED! => {"changed": false, "msg": "No package matching 'redis' found available, installed or updated", "rc": 126, "results": ["No package matching 'redis' found available, installed or updated"]}
changed: [192.168.0.172]

TASK [start redis] *************************************************************
changed: [192.168.0.172]

TASK [install tree] ************************************************************
changed: [192.168.0.172]

PLAY RECAP *********************************************************************
192.168.0.172              : ok=4    changed=3    unreachable=0    failed=0    skipped=0    rescued=0    ignored=0   
192.168.0.173              : ok=1    changed=0    unreachable=0    failed=1    skipped=0    rescued=0    ignored=0  

可以看到，有一台机器上执行失败了，原因是因为该机器上未安装epel 源

[root@node2-db backup]# yum install redis
已加载插件：fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
 * base: mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn
 * extras: mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn
 * updates: mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn
没有可用软件包 redis。
错误：无须任何处理

vars 变量的定义和使用
vars:
scredis:/lianxi/redis.conf ----定义变量
tasks:
…
copy:src={{scredis}} dest=/etc/redis.conf owner=redis —引用变量

notify：restart redis  ----通知，异常捕获，相当于python里的raise，常与handler连用，
handler : 处理异常

template 模板

和copy模板差不多，都可以实现将文件从管理节点上传到服务器节点，但是template 模块可以在模板文件里使用变量,因为template背后有jinjia2语法的支持，变量可以用自定义变量也可以用内置变量

yaml文件：template：src={{scredis}} dest=/etc/redis.conf
模板文件：Redis.conf --bind {{ansible_facts[“ansible_all_ipv4_addresses”] [0] }}

roles --角色

https://www.cnblogs.com/yanjieli/p/10980057.html