一、引入
-
咖啡馆订购系统
-
Initial 初始
- 4 种咖啡
- House blend (混合咖啡)
- Dark Roast (深度烘培)
- Decaf (低咖啡因咖啡)
- Espresso (意式浓缩咖啡)
- 4 种咖啡
-
需求变更:客户可以加料(咖啡、牛奶、糖等)
- steamed milk
- soy
- mocha
- Whip
使用继承:类爆炸 NO
修改父类:Beverage
需求倘若变更:料种类增加、料价格变化,需要修改 Beverage 类
Classes should be open for extension, but closed for modification:开放封闭原则,对修改封闭
No
Decorator…
二、装饰器模式
aka:Wrapper (包装器)
2.1 Intent 意图
- Attach additional responsibilities to an object dynamically. 可动态地将其他职责附加到对象上.
- Decorators provide a flexible alternative to subclassing for extending functionality. 装饰器为扩展功能提供了一种替代子类化的灵活替代方案.
- Dynamically extension
- Better than inheritance
2.2 Applicability 适用性
- To add responsibilities to individual objects dynamically without affecting other object.
- When extension by subclassing is impractical. 当子类化扩展是不切实际的.
- 如,子类数量爆炸
2.3 类图
- Component: defines the interface for objects that can have responsibilities added to them dynamically. 为可以动态地添加职责的对象定义接口
- ConcreteComponent: defines an object to which additional responsibilities can be attached. 定义一个可以附加其他责任的对象.
- Decorator: maintains a reference to a Component object and defines an interface that conforms to Component’s interface. 维护对 Component 对象的引用,并定义一个符合 Component 接口的接口
- ConcreteDecorator: adds responsibilities to the component. 向组件添加职责
2.4 优缺点
- 优点
- More flexibility than static inheritance. 比静态继承更灵活
- With Decorators, responsibilities can be added and removed at runtime simply by attaching and detaching them.
- 避免"类爆炸"
- 通过排列和组合,可以创建许多行为组合
- 装饰类和被装饰类可以独立发展,不会相互耦合,装饰模式是继承的一个替代模式,装饰模式可以动态扩展一个实现类的功能
- More flexibility than static inheritance. 比静态继承更灵活
- 缺点
- Lots of little objects
- A decorator and its component are not same
- 多层装饰比较复杂
2.5 应用实例:Java IO 类
InputStream and OutputStream 字节流
Reader and Writer 字符流
FilterInputStream:protected volatile InputStream in;
FilterInputStream 与 InputStream 为组合和被组合关系
与装饰器设计模式类图相符!
public class JavaIO {
public static void main(String[] args) throws FileNotFoundException {
// Open an InputStream.
FileInputStream in = new FileInputStream("test.dat");
// Create a buffered InputStream.
BufferedInputStream bin = new BufferedInputStream(in);
// Create a buffered, data InputStream.
DataInputStream dbin = new DataInputStream(bin);
// Create an unbuffered, data InputStream.
DataInputStream din = new DataInputStream(in);
// Create a buffered, pushback, data InputStream.
PushbackInputStream pbdbin = new PushbackInputStream(dbin);
}
}
2.6 应用实例:咖啡馆订购系统
- 饮品抽象类:Beverage
public abstract class Beverage {
protected String description = "Unknown Beverage";
public String getDescription() {
return description;
}
public abstract double cost();
}
- 咖啡类:继承 Beverage
public class DarkRoast extends Beverage {
public DarkRoast() {
description = "DarkRoast";
}
public double cost() {
return .99;
}
}
public class Espresso extends Beverage {
public Espresso() {
description = "Espresso";
}
public double cost() {
return 1.99;
}
}
public class HouseBlend extends Beverage {
public HouseBlend() {
description = "House Blend Coffee";
}
public double cost() {
return .89;
}
}
- 装饰器:CondimentDecorator
public abstract class CondimentDecorator extends Beverage {
public abstract String getDescription();
}
- 装饰器子类:ConcreteDecorator
public class Mocha extends CondimentDecorator {
Beverage beverage;
public Mocha(Beverage beverage) {
this.beverage = beverage;
}
public String getDescription() {
return beverage.getDescription() + ", Mocha";
}
public double cost() {
return .20 + beverage.cost();
}
}
public class Soy extends CondimentDecorator {
Beverage beverage;
public Soy(Beverage beverage) {
this.beverage = beverage;
}
public String getDescription() {
return beverage.getDescription() + ", Soy";
}
public double cost() {
return .15 + beverage.cost();
}
}
public class Whip extends CondimentDecorator {
Beverage beverage;
public Whip(Beverage beverage) {
this.beverage = beverage;
}
public String getDescription() {
return beverage.getDescription() + ", Whip";
}
public double cost() {
return .10 + beverage.cost();
}
}
- 使用与测试:
public class StarbuzzCoffee {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Beverage beverage = new Espresso();
System.out.println(beverage.getDescription() + " $" + beverage.cost());
Beverage beverage2 = new DarkRoast();
beverage2 = new Mocha(beverage2);
beverage2 = new Mocha(beverage2);
beverage2 = new Whip(beverage2);
System.out.println(beverage2.getDescription() + " $" + beverage2.cost());
Beverage beverage3 = new HouseBlend();
beverage3 = new Soy(beverage3);
beverage3 = new Mocha(beverage3);
beverage3 = new Whip(beverage3);
System.out.println(beverage3.getDescription() + " $" + beverage3.cost());
}
}