Linux软件安装和磁盘管理

磁盘管理

• 传统磁盘管理，磁盘分为两大分区：主分区、扩展分区，只有主分区能安装操作系统。在一个MBR分区表类型的硬盘最多只能存在四个主分区。如果一个硬盘需要超过四个以上的硬盘分区，需要使用扩展分区。使用扩展分区，一个物理硬盘最多只能三个主分区和一个扩展分区，扩展分区不能直接使用，必须经过第二次分割成为一个一个 的逻辑分区，然后才能使用。一个扩展分区中的逻辑分区可以任意多个。

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虚拟机添加硬盘

• 分区

wangaifei@ubuntu18:~$ ls /dev/sd*
/dev/sda  /dev/sda1  /dev/sdb
wangaifei@ubuntu18:~$ 

wangaifei@ubuntu18:~$ sudo fdisk -l /dev/sdb 
[sudo] password for wangaifei: 
Disk /dev/sdb: 10 GiB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
wangaifei@ubuntu18:~$ 

wangaifei@ubuntu18:~$ sudo fdisk /dev/sdb 

Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.31.1).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.

Device does not contain a recognized partition table.
Created a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0xcdd75474.

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Command (m for help): n
Partition type
   p   primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
   e   extended (container for logical partitions)
Select (default p): p
Value out of range.
Partition number (1-4, default 1): 
First sector (2048-20971519, default 2048): 
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (2048-20971519, default 20971519): 

Created a new partition 1 of type 'Linux' and of size 10 GiB.

Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered.
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.

wangaifei@ubuntu18:~$ ls /dev/sd*
/dev/sda  /dev/sda1  /dev/sdb  /dev/sdb1
wangaifei@ubuntu18:~$ 

• 格式化

wangaifei@ubuntu18:~$ sudo mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb1
mke2fs 1.44.1 (24-Mar-2018)
Creating filesystem with 2621184 4k blocks and 655360 inodes
Filesystem UUID: b3c78cba-f3af-4f2d-8045-1923d7d4f03f
Superblock backups stored on blocks: 
        32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632

Allocating group tables: done                            
Writing inode tables: done                            
Creating journal (16384 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done 

• 挂载

wangaifei@ubuntu18:~$ ls /dev/sd*
/dev/sda  /dev/sda1  /dev/sdb  /dev/sdb1
wangaifei@ubuntu18:~$ sudo mount -t ext4 /dev/sdb1 mnt/  //mnt是挂载点

wangaifei@ubuntu18:~$ mount//查看当前挂载系统
···
\\
/dev/sdb1 on /home/wangaifei/mnt type ext4 (rw,relatime)

wangaifei@ubuntu18:~$ cd mnt/
wangaifei@ubuntu18:~/mnt$ ls
lost+found

wangaifei@ubuntu18:~/mnt$ sudo vi  /etc/fstab 
# <file system> <mount point>   <type>  <options>       <dump>  <pass>
/dev/sdb1      mnt/    ext4        defaults    0 0

wangaifei@ubuntu18:~/mnt$ sudo mount -a 

ubuntu 软件安装

• Ubuntu的安装软件包名称叫deb包后缀为.deb
• 除了使用。deb包离线安装，还可使用apt-get网络在线安装
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在线安装

• 修改源，先备份

wangaifei@ubuntu18:~/mnt$ cd /etc/apt
wangaifei@ubuntu18:/etc/apt$ ls
apt.conf.d   preferences.d  sources.list.d
auth.conf.d  sources.list   trusted.gpg.d
wangaifei@ubuntu18:/etc/apt$ sudo cp sources.list sources.list.beifen  //备份
wangaifei@ubuntu18:/etc/apt$ ls
apt.conf.d   preferences.d  sources.list.beifen  trusted.gpg.d
auth.conf.d  sources.list   sources.list.d
wangaifei@ubuntu18:/etc/apt$ sudo vi sources.list

• 修改后，更新源

wangaifei@ubuntu18:/etc/apt$ sudo apt-get update 

• 安装软件

wangaifei@ubuntu18:/etc/apt$ sudo apt-get install tree

离线安装

• deb包安装命令 dpkg

securecrt实现window与Ubuntu文件互传

• sz+文件名:Ubuntu传window
• rz：window传Ubuntu
• winscp
• 共享文件夹