mysql外连接

什么是外连接，和内连接有什么区别？

内连接：
······假设A和B表进行连接，使用内连接的话，凡是A表和B表能够匹配上的记录查询出来，这就是内连接。AB两张表没有主副之分，两张表是平等的。

外连接：
······假设A和B表进行连接，使用外连接的话，AB两表中有一张表是主表，一张表是副表，主要查询主表中的数据，捎带着查询副表，当副表中的数据没有和主表中的数据匹配上，副表自动模拟出NULL与之匹配。

外连接的分类：
·····左外连接（左连接）：表示左边这张表是主表。
·····右外连接（右连接）： 表示右边这张表是主表。

左连接有右连接的写法，右连接也会有对应的左连接的写法。

案例：找出每个员工的上级领导

内连接：

mysql> select a.ename '员工',b.ename  '领导'  from emp a join emp b on a.mgr = b.empno;
+--------+-------+
| 员工   | 领导  |
+--------+-------+
| SMITH  | FORD  |
| ALLEN  | BLAKE |
| WARD   | BLAKE |
| JONES  | KING  |
| MARTIN | BLAKE |
| BLAKE  | KING  |
| CLARK  | KING  |
| SCOTT  | JONES |
| TURNER | BLAKE |
| ADAMS  | SCOTT |
| JAMES  | BLAKE |
| FORD   | JONES |
| MILLER | CLARK |
+--------+-------+

外连接（左外连接）：

mysql> select a.ename '员工',b.ename  '领导'  from emp a left join emp b on a.mgr = b.empno;
+--------+-------+
| 员工   | 领导  |
+--------+-------+
| SMITH  | FORD  |
| ALLEN  | BLAKE |
| WARD   | BLAKE |
| JONES  | KING  |
| MARTIN | BLAKE |
| BLAKE  | KING  |
| CLARK  | KING  |
| SCOTT  | JONES |
| KING   | NULL  |
| TURNER | BLAKE |
| ADAMS  | SCOTT |
| JAMES  | BLAKE |
| FORD   | JONES |
| MILLER | CLARK |
+--------+-------+

右外连接：

mysql> select a.ename '员工',b.ename  '领导'  from emp a right join emp b on a.mgr = b.empno;

和上面输出结果一样

注意！上面两句外连接语句都省略了outer，完整是这样的：

mysql> select a.ename '员工',b.ename  '领导'  from emp a left outer join emp b on a.mgr = b.empno;

案例：找出哪个部门没有员工

emp表

mysql> select * from emp;
+-------+--------+-----------+------+------------+---------+---------+--------+
| EMPNO | ENAME  | JOB       | MGR  | HIREDATE   | SAL     | COMM    | DEPTNO |
+-------+--------+-----------+------+------------+---------+---------+--------+
|  7369 | SMITH  | CLERK     | 7902 | 1980-12-17 |  800.00 |    NULL |     20 |
|  7499 | ALLEN  | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-02-20 | 1600.00 |  300.00 |     30 |
|  7521 | WARD   | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-02-22 | 1250.00 |  500.00 |     30 |
|  7566 | JONES  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-04-02 | 2975.00 |    NULL |     20 |
|  7654 | MARTIN | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-09-28 | 1250.00 | 1400.00 |     30 |
|  7698 | BLAKE  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-05-01 | 2850.00 |    NULL |     30 |
|  7782 | CLARK  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-06-09 | 2450.00 |    NULL |     10 |
|  7788 | SCOTT  | ANALYST   | 7566 | 1987-04-19 | 3000.00 |    NULL |     20 |
|  7839 | KING   | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 | 5000.00 |    NULL |     10 |
|  7844 | TURNER | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-09-08 | 1500.00 |    0.00 |     30 |
|  7876 | ADAMS  | CLERK     | 7788 | 1987-05-23 | 1100.00 |    NULL |     20 |
|  7900 | JAMES  | CLERK     | 7698 | 1981-12-03 |  950.00 |    NULL |     30 |
|  7902 | FORD   | ANALYST   | 7566 | 1981-12-03 | 3000.00 |    NULL |     20 |
|  7934 | MILLER | CLERK     | 7782 | 1982-01-23 | 1300.00 |    NULL |     10 |
+-------+--------+-----------+------+------------+---------+---------+--------+

dept表：

mysql> select * from dept;
+--------+------------+----------+
| DEPTNO | DNAME      | LOC      |
+--------+------------+----------+
|     10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK |
|     20 | RESEARCH   | DALLAS   |
|     30 | SALES      | CHICAGO  |
|     40 | OPERATIONS | BOSTON   |
+--------+------------+----------+

查询结果：

mysql> select d.* from emp a right join dept d on a.deptno = d.deptno where a.empno is null;
+--------+------------+--------+
| DEPTNO | DNAME      | LOC    |
+--------+------------+--------+
|     40 | OPERATIONS | BOSTON |
+--------+------------+--------+