什么是外连接,和内连接有什么区别?
内连接:
······假设A和B表进行连接,使用内连接的话,凡是A表和B表能够匹配上的记录查询出来,这就是内连接。AB两张表没有主副之分,两张表是平等的。
外连接:
······假设A和B表进行连接,使用外连接的话,AB两表中有一张表是主表,一张表是副表,主要查询主表中的数据,捎带着查询副表,当副表中的数据没有和主表中的数据匹配上,副表自动模拟出NULL与之匹配。
外连接的分类:
·····左外连接(左连接):表示左边这张表是主表。
·····右外连接(右连接): 表示右边这张表是主表。
左连接有右连接的写法,右连接也会有对应的左连接的写法。
案例:找出每个员工的上级领导
内连接:
mysql> select a.ename '员工',b.ename '领导' from emp a join emp b on a.mgr = b.empno;
+--------+-------+
| 员工 | 领导 |
+--------+-------+
| SMITH | FORD |
| ALLEN | BLAKE |
| WARD | BLAKE |
| JONES | KING |
| MARTIN | BLAKE |
| BLAKE | KING |
| CLARK | KING |
| SCOTT | JONES |
| TURNER | BLAKE |
| ADAMS | SCOTT |
| JAMES | BLAKE |
| FORD | JONES |
| MILLER | CLARK |
+--------+-------+
外连接(左外连接):
mysql> select a.ename '员工',b.ename '领导' from emp a left join emp b on a.mgr = b.empno;
+--------+-------+
| 员工 | 领导 |
+--------+-------+
| SMITH | FORD |
| ALLEN | BLAKE |
| WARD | BLAKE |
| JONES | KING |
| MARTIN | BLAKE |
| BLAKE | KING |
| CLARK | KING |
| SCOTT | JONES |
| KING | NULL |
| TURNER | BLAKE |
| ADAMS | SCOTT |
| JAMES | BLAKE |
| FORD | JONES |
| MILLER | CLARK |
+--------+-------+
右外连接:
mysql> select a.ename '员工',b.ename '领导' from emp a right join emp b on a.mgr = b.empno;
和上面输出结果一样
注意!上面两句外连接语句都省略了outer,完整是这样的:
mysql> select a.ename '员工',b.ename '领导' from emp a left outer join emp b on a.mgr = b.empno;
案例:找出哪个部门没有员工
emp表
mysql> select * from emp;
+-------+--------+-----------+------+------------+---------+---------+--------+
| EMPNO | ENAME | JOB | MGR | HIREDATE | SAL | COMM | DEPTNO |
+-------+--------+-----------+------+------------+---------+---------+--------+
| 7369 | SMITH | CLERK | 7902 | 1980-12-17 | 800.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 7499 | ALLEN | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-20 | 1600.00 | 300.00 | 30 |
| 7521 | WARD | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-22 | 1250.00 | 500.00 | 30 |
| 7566 | JONES | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 | 2975.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 7654 | MARTIN | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-09-28 | 1250.00 | 1400.00 | 30 |
| 7698 | BLAKE | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-05-01 | 2850.00 | NULL | 30 |
| 7782 | CLARK | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-06-09 | 2450.00 | NULL | 10 |
| 7788 | SCOTT | ANALYST | 7566 | 1987-04-19 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 7839 | KING | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 | 5000.00 | NULL | 10 |
| 7844 | TURNER | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-09-08 | 1500.00 | 0.00 | 30 |
| 7876 | ADAMS | CLERK | 7788 | 1987-05-23 | 1100.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 7900 | JAMES | CLERK | 7698 | 1981-12-03 | 950.00 | NULL | 30 |
| 7902 | FORD | ANALYST | 7566 | 1981-12-03 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 7934 | MILLER | CLERK | 7782 | 1982-01-23 | 1300.00 | NULL | 10 |
+-------+--------+-----------+------+------------+---------+---------+--------+
dept表:
mysql> select * from dept;
+--------+------------+----------+
| DEPTNO | DNAME | LOC |
+--------+------------+----------+
| 10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK |
| 20 | RESEARCH | DALLAS |
| 30 | SALES | CHICAGO |
| 40 | OPERATIONS | BOSTON |
+--------+------------+----------+
查询结果:
mysql> select d.* from emp a right join dept d on a.deptno = d.deptno where a.empno is null;
+--------+------------+--------+
| DEPTNO | DNAME | LOC |
+--------+------------+--------+
| 40 | OPERATIONS | BOSTON |
+--------+------------+--------+