第 41 天: 顺序查找与折半查找
- 顺序查找使用岗哨可以节约一半的时间. 为此, 第 0 个位置不可以放有意义的数据, 即有效数据只有 length - 1 个.
- 顺序查找时间复杂度为 O ( n ) O(n)O(n).
- 折半查找时间复杂度为 O ( log n ) O(\log n)O(logn).
- 书上为简化起见, 只关注键. 这里使用键值对来表示一条完整的数据. 实际应用中可以把 content 改成任何想要的数据类型
package datastructure.search;
/**
* Data array for searching and sorting algorithms.
*
* @author Fan Min minfanphd@163.com.
*/
public class DataArray {
/**
* An inner class for data nodes. The text book usually use an int value to
* represent the data. I would like to use a key-value pair instead.
*/
class DataNode {
/**
* The key.
*/
int key;
/**
* The data content.
*/
String content;
/**
*********************
* The first constructor.
*********************
*/
DataNode(int paraKey, String paraContent) {
key = paraKey;
content = paraContent;
}// Of the second constructor
/**
*********************
* Overrides the method claimed in Object, the superclass of any class.
*********************
*/
public String toString() {
return "(" + key + ", " + content + ") ";
}// Of toString
}// Of class DataNode
/**
* The data array.
*/
DataNode[] data;
/**
* The length of the data array.
*/
int length;
/**
*********************
* The first constructor.
*
* @param paraKeyArray The array of the keys.
* @param paraContentArray The array of contents.
*********************
*/
public DataArray(int[] paraKeyArray, String[] paraContentArray) {
length = paraKeyArray.length;
data = new DataNode[length];
for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
data[i] = new DataNode(paraKeyArray[i], paraContentArray[i]);
} // Of for i
}// Of the first constructor
/**
*********************
* Overrides the method claimed in Object, the superclass of any class.
*********************
*/
public String toString() {
String resultString = "I am a data array with " + length + " items.\r\n";
for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
resultString += data[i] + " ";
} // Of for i
return resultString;
}// Of toString
/**
*********************
* Sequential search. Attention: It is assume that the index 0 is NOT used.
*
* @param paraKey The given key.
* @return The content of the key.
*********************
*/
public String sequentialSearch(int paraKey) {
data[0].key = paraKey;
int i;
// Note that we do not judge i >= 0 since data[0].key = paraKey.
// In this way the runtime is saved about 1/2.
for (i = length - 1; data[i].key != paraKey; i--)
;
return data[i].content;
}// Of sequentialSearch
/**
*********************
* Test the method.
*********************
*/
public static void sequentialSearchTest() {
int[] tempUnsortedKeys = { -1, 5, 3, 6, 10, 7, 1, 9 };
String[] tempContents = { "null", "if", "then", "else", "switch", "case", "for", "while" };
DataArray tempDataArray = new DataArray(tempUnsortedKeys, tempContents);
System.out.println(tempDataArray);
System.out.println("Search result of 10 is: " + tempDataArray.sequentialSearch(10));
System.out.println("Search result of 5 is: " + tempDataArray.sequentialSearch(5));
System.out.println("Search result of 4 is: " + tempDataArray.sequentialSearch(4));
}// Of sequentialSearchTest
/**
*********************
* Binary search. Attention: It is assume that keys are sorted in ascending
* order.
*
* @param paraKey The given key.
* @return The content of the key.
*********************
*/
public String binarySearch(int paraKey) {
int tempLeft = 0;
int tempRight = length - 1;
int tempMiddle = (tempLeft + tempRight) / 2;
while (tempLeft <= tempRight) {
tempMiddle = (tempLeft + tempRight) / 2;
if (data[tempMiddle].key == paraKey) {
return data[tempMiddle].content;
} else if (data[tempMiddle].key <= paraKey) {
tempLeft = tempMiddle + 1;
} else {
tempRight = tempMiddle - 1;
}
} // Of while
// Not found.
return "null";
}// Of binarySearch
/**
*********************
* Test the method.
*********************
*/
public static void binarySearchTest() {
int[] tempSortedKeys = { 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10 };
String[] tempContents = { "if", "then", "else", "switch", "case", "for", "while" };
DataArray tempDataArray = new DataArray(tempSortedKeys, tempContents);
System.out.println(tempDataArray);
System.out.println("Search result of 10 is: " + tempDataArray.binarySearch(10));
System.out.println("Search result of 5 is: " + tempDataArray.binarySearch(5));
System.out.println("Search result of 4 is: " + tempDataArray.binarySearch(4));
}// Of binarySearchTest
/**
*********************
* The entrance of the program.
*
* @param args Not used now.
*********************
*/
public static void main(String args[]) {
System.out.println("\r\n-------sequentialSearchTest-------");
sequentialSearchTest();
System.out.println("\r\n-------binarySearchTest-------");
binarySearchTest();
}// Of main
}// Of class DataArray
运行结果：
第42天：哈希表
散列表（Hash table，也叫哈希表），是根据关键码值(Key value)而直接进行访问的数据结构。也就是说，它通过把关键码值映射到表中一个位置来访问记录，以加快查找的速度。这个映射函数叫做散列函数，存放记录的数组叫做散列表。
/**
*********************
* The second constructor. For Hash code only. It is assumed that
* paraKeyArray.length <= paraLength.
*
* @param paraKeyArray The array of the keys.
* @param paraContentArray The array of contents.
* @param paraLength The space for the Hash table.
*********************
*/
public DataArray(int[] paraKeyArray, String[] paraContentArray, int paraLength) {
// Step 1. Initialize.
length = paraLength;
data = new DataNode[length];
for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
data[i] = null;
} // Of for i
// Step 2. Fill the data.
int tempPosition;
for (int i = 0; i < paraKeyArray.length; i++) {
// Hash.
tempPosition = paraKeyArray[i] % paraLength;
// Find an empty position
while (data[tempPosition] != null) {
tempPosition = (tempPosition + 1) % paraLength;
System.out.println("Collision, move forward for key " + paraKeyArray[i]);
} // Of while
data[tempPosition] = new DataNode(paraKeyArray[i], paraContentArray[i]);
} // Of for i
}// Of the second constructor
/**
*********************
* Hash search.
*
* @param paraKey The given key.
* @return The content of the key.
*********************
*/
public String hashSearch(int paraKey) {
int tempPosition = paraKey % length;
while (data[tempPosition] != null) {
if (data[tempPosition].key == paraKey) {
return data[tempPosition].content;
} // Of if
System.out.println("Not this one for " + paraKey);
tempPosition = (tempPosition + 1) % length;
} // Of while
return "null";
}// Of hashSearch
/**
*********************
* Test the method.
*********************
*/
public static void hashSearchTest() {
int[] tempUnsortedKeys = { 16, 33, 38, 69, 57, 95, 86 };
String[] tempContents = { "if", "then", "else", "switch", "case", "for", "while" };
DataArray tempDataArray = new DataArray(tempUnsortedKeys, tempContents, 19);
System.out.println(tempDataArray);
System.out.println("Search result of 95 is: " + tempDataArray.hashSearch(95));
System.out.println("Search result of 38 is: " + tempDataArray.hashSearch(38));
System.out.println("Search result of 57 is: " + tempDataArray.hashSearch(57));
System.out.println("Search result of 4 is: " + tempDataArray.hashSearch(4));
}// Of hashSearchTest
/**
*********************
* The entrance of the program.
*
* @param args Not used now.
*********************
*/
public static void main(String args[]) {
System.out.println("\r\n-------sequentialSearchTest-------");
sequentialSearchTest();
System.out.println("\r\n-------binarySearchTest-------");
binarySearchTest();
System.out.println("\r\n-------hashSearchTest-------");
hashSearchTest();
}// Of main
第 43 天: 插入排序
- 插入排序是简单直接的排序方式之一. 代码非常短.
- 每次保证前 i 个数据是有序的.
- 先做简单的事情 (第 1 轮最多有 1 次移动), 再做麻烦的事情 (最后一轮最多有 n − 1 n - 1n−1 次移动).
- 下标 0 的数据为岗哨, 与 41 天内容同理. 比其它排序方式多用一个空间.
- 又见 this.
- tempNode 只分配了引用 (指针) 的空间, 并未 new.
/** ********************* * Insertion sort. data[0] does not store a valid data. data[0].key should * be smaller than any valid key. ********************* */ public void insertionSort() { DataNode tempNode; int j; for (int i = 2; i < length; i++) { tempNode = data[i]; //Find the position to insert. //At the same time, move other nodes. for (j = i - 1; data[j].key > tempNode.key; j--) { data[j + 1] = data[j]; } // Of for j //Insert. data[j + 1] = tempNode; System.out.println("Round " + (i - 1)); System.out.println(this); } // Of for i }// Of insertionSort /** ********************* * Test the method. ********************* */ public static void insertionSortTest() { int[] tempUnsortedKeys = { -100, 5, 3, 6, 10, 7, 1, 9 }; String[] tempContents = { "null", "if", "then", "else", "switch", "case", "for", "while" }; DataArray tempDataArray = new DataArray(tempUnsortedKeys, tempContents); System.out.println(tempDataArray); tempDataArray.insertionSort(); System.out.println("Result\r\n" + tempDataArray); }// Of insertionSortTest
第 44 天: 希尔排序
希尔排序(Shell’s Sort)是插入排序的一种又称“缩小增量排序”（Diminishing Increment Sort），是直接插入排序算法的一种更高效的改进版本。
希尔排序是把记录按下标的一定增量分组，对每组使用直接插入排序算法排序；随着增量逐渐减少，每组包含的关键词越来越多，当增量减至 1 时，整个文件恰被分成一组，算法便终止。
/**
*********************
* Shell sort. We do not use sentries here because too many of them are needed.
*********************
*/
public void shellSort() {
DataNode tempNode;
int[] tempJumpArray = { 5, 3, 1 };
int tempJump;
int p;
for (int i = 0; i < tempJumpArray.length; i++) {
tempJump = tempJumpArray[i];
for (int j = 0; j < tempJump; j++) {
for (int k = j + tempJump; k < length; k += tempJump) {
tempNode = data[k];
// Find the position to insert.
// At the same time, move other nodes.
for (p = k - tempJump; p >= 0; p -= tempJump) {
if (data[p].key > tempNode.key) {
data[p + tempJump] = data[p];
} else {
break;
} // Of if
} // Of for p
// Insert.
data[p + tempJump] = tempNode;
} // Of for k
} // Of for j
System.out.println("Round " + i);
System.out.println(this);
} // Of for i
}// Of shellSort
/**
*********************
* Test the method.
*********************
*/
public static void shellSortTest() {
int[] tempUnsortedKeys = { 5, 3, 6, 10, 7, 1, 9, 12, 8, 4 };
String[] tempContents = { "if", "then", "else", "switch", "case", "for", "while", "throw", "until", "do" };
DataArray tempDataArray = new DataArray(tempUnsortedKeys, tempContents);
System.out.println(tempDataArray);
tempDataArray.shellSort();
System.out.println("Result\r\n" + tempDataArray);
}// Of shellSortTest
排序结果
第 45 天: 冒泡排序
/**
*********************
* Bubble sort.
*********************
*/
public void bubbleSort() {
boolean tempSwapped;
DataNode tempNode;
for (int i = length - 1; i > 1; i--) {
tempSwapped = false;
for (int j = 0; j < i; j++) {
if (data[j].key > data[j + 1].key) {
// Swap.
tempNode = data[j + 1];
data[j + 1] = data[j];
data[j] = tempNode;
tempSwapped = true;
} // Of if
} // Of for j
// No swap in this round. The data are already sorted.
if (!tempSwapped) {
System.out.println("Premature");
break;
} // Of if
System.out.println("Round " + (length - i));
System.out.println(this);
} // Of for i
}// Of bubbleSort
/**
*********************
* Test the method.
*********************
*/
public static void bubbleSortTest() {
int[] tempUnsortedKeys = { 1, 3, 6, 10, 7, 5, 9 };
String[] tempContents = { "if", "then", "else", "switch", "case", "for", "while" };
DataArray tempDataArray = new DataArray(tempUnsortedKeys, tempContents);
System.out.println(tempDataArray);
tempDataArray.bubbleSort();
System.out.println("Result\r\n" + tempDataArray);
}// Of bubbleSortTest
运行结果：
第 46 天: 快速排序
快速排序,就是给基准数据找其正确索引位置的过程
/**
*********************
* Quick sort recursively.
*
* @param paraStart The start index.
* @param paraEnd The end index.
*********************
*/
public void quickSortRecursive(int paraStart, int paraEnd) {
// Nothing to sort.
if (paraStart >= paraEnd) {
return;
} // Of if
int tempPivot = data[paraEnd].key;
DataNode tempNodeForSwap;
int tempLeft = paraStart;
int tempRight = paraEnd - 1;
// Find the position for the pivot.
// At the same time move smaller elements to the left and bigger one to the
// right.
while (true) {
while ((data[tempLeft].key < tempPivot) && (tempLeft < tempRight)) {
tempLeft++;
} // Of while
while ((data[tempRight].key > tempPivot) && (tempLeft < tempRight)) {
tempRight--;
} // Of while
if (tempLeft < tempRight) {
// Swap.
System.out.println("Swapping " + tempLeft + " and " + tempRight);
tempNodeForSwap = data[tempLeft];
data[tempLeft] = data[tempRight];
data[tempRight] = tempNodeForSwap;
} else {
break;
} // Of if
} // Of while
// Swap
if (data[tempLeft].key > tempPivot) {
tempNodeForSwap = data[paraEnd];
data[paraEnd] = data[tempLeft];
data[tempLeft] = tempNodeForSwap;
} else {
tempLeft++;
} // Of if
System.out.print("From " + paraStart + " to " + paraEnd + ": ");
System.out.println(this);
quickSortRecursive(paraStart, tempLeft - 1);
quickSortRecursive(tempLeft + 1, paraEnd);
}// Of quickSortRecursive
/**
*********************
* Quick sort.
*********************
*/
public void quickSort() {
quickSortRecursive(0, length - 1);
}// Of quickSort
/**
*********************
* Test the method.
*********************
*/
public static void quickSortTest() {
int[] tempUnsortedKeys = { 1, 3, 12, 10, 5, 7, 9 };
String[] tempContents = { "if", "then", "else", "switch", "case", "for", "while" };
DataArray tempDataArray = new DataArray(tempUnsortedKeys, tempContents);
System.out.println(tempDataArray);
tempDataArray.quickSort();
System.out.println("Result\r\n" + tempDataArray);
}// Of quickSortTest
第 47 天: 选择排序
/**
*********************
* Selection sort. All data are valid.
*********************
*/
public void selectionSort() {
DataNode tempNode;
int tempIndexForSmallest;
for (int i = 0; i < length - 1; i++) {
// Initialize.
tempNode = data[i];
tempIndexForSmallest = i;
for (int j = i + 1; j < length; j++) {
if (data[j].key < tempNode.key) {
tempNode = data[j];
tempIndexForSmallest = j;
} // Of if
} // Of for j
// Change the selected one with the current one.
data[tempIndexForSmallest] = data[i];
data[i] = tempNode;
} // Of for i
}// Of selectionSort
/**
*********************
* Test the method.
*********************
*/
public static void selectionSortTest() {
int[] tempUnsortedKeys = { 5, 3, 6, 10, 7, 1, 9 };
String[] tempContents = { "if", "then", "else", "switch", "case", "for", "while" };
DataArray tempDataArray = new DataArray(tempUnsortedKeys, tempContents);
System.out.println(tempDataArray);
tempDataArray.selectionSort();
System.out.println("Result\r\n" + tempDataArray);
}// Of selectionSortTest
运行结果
第 48 天: 堆排序
堆排序可能是排序算法中最难的. 用到了二叉树.
建初始堆比较费劲.
调整堆的时间复杂度为 O ( log n ) O(\log n)O(logn), 所以总体时间复杂度只有 O ( n log n ) O(n \log n)O(nlogn).
空间复杂度只有 O ( 1 ) O(1)O(1).
/**
*********************
* Heap sort. Maybe the most difficult sorting algorithm.
*********************
*/
public void heapSort() {
DataNode tempNode;
// Step 1. Construct the initial heap.
for (int i = length / 2 - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
adjustHeap(i, length);
} // Of for i
System.out.println("The initial heap: " + this + "\r\n");
// Step 2. Swap and reconstruct.
for (int i = length - 1; i > 0; i--) {
tempNode = data[0];
data[0] = data[i];
data[i] = tempNode;
adjustHeap(0, i);
System.out.println("Round " + (length - i) + ": " + this);
} // Of for i
}// Of heapSort
/**
*********************
* Adjust the heap.
*
* @param paraStart The start of the index.
* @param paraLength The length of the adjusted sequence.
*********************
*/
public void adjustHeap(int paraStart, int paraLength) {
DataNode tempNode = data[paraStart];
int tempParent = paraStart;
int tempKey = data[paraStart].key;
for (int tempChild = paraStart * 2 + 1; tempChild < paraLength; tempChild = tempChild * 2 + 1) {
// The right child is bigger.
if (tempChild + 1 < paraLength) {
if (data[tempChild].key < data[tempChild + 1].key) {
tempChild++;
} // Of if
} // Of if
System.out.println("The parent position is " + tempParent + " and the child is " + tempChild);
if (tempKey < data[tempChild].key) {
// The child is bigger.
data[tempParent] = data[tempChild];
System.out.println("Move " + data[tempChild].key + " to position " + tempParent);
tempParent = tempChild;
} else {
break;
} // Of if
} // Of for tempChild
data[tempParent] = tempNode;
System.out.println("Adjust " + paraStart + " to " + paraLength + ": " + this);
}// Of adjustHeap
/**
*********************
* Test the method.
*********************
*/
public static void heapSortTest() {
int[] tempUnsortedKeys = { 5, 3, 6, 10, 7, 1, 9 };
String[] tempContents = { "if", "then", "else", "switch", "case", "for", "while" };
DataArray tempDataArray = new DataArray(tempUnsortedKeys, tempContents);
System.out.println(tempDataArray);
tempDataArray.heapSort();
System.out.println("Result\r\n" + tempDataArray);
}// Of heapSortTest
第 49 天: 归并排序
log n \log nlogn 轮, 每轮 O ( n ) O(n)O(n) 次拷贝. 因此时间复杂度为 O ( n log n ) O(n \log n)O(nlogn).
空间复杂度为 O ( n ) O(n)O(n). 只需要一行辅助空间.
全都是在拷贝引用, 而不是数据本身. 这是 Java 的特性.
里面的两重循环总共只有 O ( n ) O(n)O(n). 这里是分成了若干个小组.
归并两个有序小组的时候, 用了三个并列的循环.
涉及分组后尾巴的各种情况, 所以需要相应的 if 语句
/**
*********************
* Merge sort. Results are stored in the member variable data.
*********************
*/
public void mergeSort() {
// Step 1. Allocate space.
int tempRow; // The current row
int tempGroups; // Number of groups
int tempActualRow; // Only 0 or 1
int tempNextRow = 0;
int tempGroupNumber;
int tempFirstStart, tempSecondStart, tempSecondEnd;
int tempFirstIndex, tempSecondIndex;
int tempNumCopied;
for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
System.out.print(data[i]);
} // Of for i
System.out.println();
DataNode[][] tempMatrix = new DataNode[2][length];
// Step 2. Copy data.
for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
tempMatrix[0][i] = data[i];
} // Of for i
// Step 3. Merge. log n rounds
tempRow = -1;
for (int tempSize = 1; tempSize <= length; tempSize *= 2) {
// Reuse the space of the two rows.
tempRow++;
System.out.println("Current row = " + tempRow);
tempActualRow = tempRow % 2;
tempNextRow = (tempRow + 1) % 2;
tempGroups = length / (tempSize * 2);
if (length % (tempSize * 2) != 0) {
tempGroups++;
} // Of if
System.out.println("tempSize = " + tempSize + ", numGroups = " + tempGroups);
for (tempGroupNumber = 0; tempGroupNumber < tempGroups; tempGroupNumber++) {
tempFirstStart = tempGroupNumber * tempSize * 2;
tempSecondStart = tempGroupNumber * tempSize * 2 + tempSize;
if (tempSecondStart > length - 1) {
// Copy the first part.
for (int i = tempFirstStart; i < length; i++) {
tempMatrix[tempNextRow][i] = tempMatrix[tempActualRow][i];
} // Of for i
continue;
} // Of if
tempSecondEnd = tempGroupNumber * tempSize * 2 + tempSize * 2 - 1;
if (tempSecondEnd > length - 1) {
tempSecondEnd = length - 1;
} // Of if
System.out
.println("Trying to merge [" + tempFirstStart + ", " + (tempSecondStart - 1)
+ "] with [" + tempSecondStart + ", " + tempSecondEnd + "]");
tempFirstIndex = tempFirstStart;
tempSecondIndex = tempSecondStart;
tempNumCopied = 0;
while ((tempFirstIndex <= tempSecondStart - 1)
&& (tempSecondIndex <= tempSecondEnd)) {
if (tempMatrix[tempActualRow][tempFirstIndex].key <= tempMatrix[tempActualRow][tempSecondIndex].key) {
tempMatrix[tempNextRow][tempFirstStart
+ tempNumCopied] = tempMatrix[tempActualRow][tempFirstIndex];
tempFirstIndex++;
System.out.println("copying " + tempMatrix[tempActualRow][tempFirstIndex]);
} else {
tempMatrix[tempNextRow][tempFirstStart
+ tempNumCopied] = tempMatrix[tempActualRow][tempSecondIndex];
System.out.println("copying " + tempMatrix[tempActualRow][tempSecondIndex]);
tempSecondIndex++;
} // Of if
tempNumCopied++;
} // Of while
while (tempFirstIndex <= tempSecondStart - 1) {
tempMatrix[tempNextRow][tempFirstStart
+ tempNumCopied] = tempMatrix[tempActualRow][tempFirstIndex];
tempFirstIndex++;
tempNumCopied++;
} // Of while
while (tempSecondIndex <= tempSecondEnd) {
tempMatrix[tempNextRow][tempFirstStart
+ tempNumCopied] = tempMatrix[tempActualRow][tempSecondIndex];
tempSecondIndex++;
tempNumCopied++;
} // Of while
} // Of for groupNumber
System.out.println("Round " + tempRow);
for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
System.out.print(tempMatrix[tempNextRow][i] + " ");
} // Of for j
System.out.println();
} // Of for tempStepSize
data = tempMatrix[tempNextRow];
}// Of mergeSort
/**
*********************
* Test the method.
*********************
*/
public static void mergeSortTest() {
int[] tempUnsortedKeys = { 5, 3, 6, 10, 7, 1, 9 };
String[] tempContents = { "if", "then", "else", "switch", "case", "for", "while" };
DataArray tempDataArray = new DataArray(tempUnsortedKeys, tempContents);
System.out.println(tempDataArray);
tempDataArray.mergeSort();
System.out.println(tempDataArray);
}// Of mergeSortTest
50：结论
1.顺序查找
顺序查找，按照字面意思，就是按照排列顺序，依次将查找关键词key与元数据每一项进行对比，如果找到就结束。 适用所有数据，但是对于过大的数据，不太实用，时间复杂度较高 ，时间复杂度O（n），空间复杂度O（1）
2.折半查找
假设表中元素是按升序排列，将表中间位置记录的关键字与查找关键字比较，如果两者相等，则查找成功；否则利用中间位置记录将表分成前、后两个子表，如果中间位置记录的关键字大于查找关键字，则进一步查找前一子表，否则进一步查找后一子表。重复以上过程，直到找到满足条件的记录，使查找成功，或直到子表不存在为止，此时查找不成功。
适用范围数据有序，时间复杂度O（log n），空间复杂度O（1）
3.哈希表查找
根据键值方式(Key value)进行查找，通过散列函数，定位数据元素。首先需要建立hash表。时间复杂度在不冲突的情况下O（1），最极端情况为O（n），空间复杂度O（1）
直接插入排序：
每次取一个记录插入到已经排好序的有序表中，得到一个新的有序表。在插入过程中为了防止下标出界，需要在r[0]处加入一个监视哨。该算法的时间复杂度为O(n2)，双层嵌套循环；空间复杂度为O(1),因为只需要一个额外的空间存储监视哨。
希尔排序：
希尔排序是由直接插入排序发展而来，将待排序列分割成若干个子序列，并分别进行直接插入排序，（子序列是由相隔某个增量的记录组成的，而非分段），最后进行一次直接插入排序。注意：增量序列的值应该没有除1以外的公因子，且最后一个增量值必须为1.该算法的时间复杂度小于O(n2),与选取的增量值相关。
冒泡排序：
每一轮排序都从第一位开始将相邻的两位进行比较，如果t-1位比t位的值大，则将其交换顺序。每轮排序后，都会将未排序序列的最大数移到最后一位。当开始时序列即为从小到大有序序列，只需要一次就可以完成排序，时间复杂度为O(n); 当序列为逆序排列时，所需排序次数为n-1次，每次比较的次数为n-i次，时间复杂度为O(n2)；算法的平均时间复杂度为O(n2)
快速排序：
第一趟快排将列表分为两部分，一部分的关键字均比另一部分关键字小，然后再分别对两部分进行排序。算法首先选定一点作为枢纽，然后分别设置两个指针low和high，high从尾部开始，找到小于枢纽的点，将其与枢纽交换；然后low从头部开始找到大于枢纽的点将其与枢纽交换。依次排序后以枢纽为中心分为两部分，且左边均比枢纽小，右边均比枢纽大。快速排序的平均时间复杂度为所有内部排序中最优的，但是在序列有序的情况下，其性能不能达到O(n)。空间复杂度为O(logn)，因为每次快排包括递归过程中的枢纽值，都需要存储在一个栈中。
归并排序：
是建立在归并操作上的一种有效，稳定的排序算法，该算法是采用分治法（Divide and Conquer）的一个非常典型的应用。将已有序的子序列合并，得到完全有序的序列；即先使每个子序列有序，再使子序列段间有序。若将两个有序表合并成一个有序表，称为二路归并。归并排序进行 log n 轮循环，每轮O(n) 次拷贝，因此时间复杂度为 O(nlog n)。
堆排序：
堆排序是利用堆（二叉树）这种数据结构而设计的一种排序算法，堆排序是一种选择排序，它的最坏，最好，平均时间复杂度均为O(nlogn)，它也是不稳定排序。
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