三个层面
不同点
- 语法层面
- synchronized 是关键字,源码在 jvm 中,用 c++ 语言实现
- Lock 是接口,源码由 jdk 提供,用 java 语言实现
- 使用 synchronized 时,退出同步代码块锁会自动释放,而使用 Lock 时,需要手动调用 unlock 方法释放锁
- 功能层面
- 二者均属于悲观锁、都具备基本的互斥、同步、锁重入功能
- Lock 提供了许多 synchronized 不具备的功能,例如获取等待状态、公平锁、可打断、可超时、多条件变量
- Lock 有适合不同场景的实现,如 ReentrantLock, ReentrantReadWriteLock
- 性能层面
- 在没有竞争时,synchronized 做了很多优化,如偏向锁、轻量级锁,性能不赖
- 在竞争激烈时,Lock 的实现通常会提供更好的性能
公平锁
- 公平锁的公平体现
- 已经处在阻塞队列中的线程(不考虑超时)始终都是公平的,先进先出
- 公平锁是指未处于阻塞队列中的线程来争抢锁,如果队列不为空,则老实到队尾等待
- 非公平锁是指未处于阻塞队列中的线程来争抢锁,与队列头唤醒的线程去竞争,谁抢到算谁的
- 公平锁会降低吞吐量,一般不用
条件变量
- ReentrantLock 中的条件变量功能类似于普通 synchronized 的 wait,notify,用在当线程获得锁后,发现条件不满足时,临时等待的链表结构
- 与 synchronized 的等待集合不同之处在于,ReentrantLock 中的条件变量可以有多个,可以实现更精细的等待、唤醒控制
简单的使用
- 使用lock锁实现线程安全
/*使用lock锁的方式实现多线程安全*/
class Test02{
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("使用了非公平锁");
Ticket2 ticket = new Ticket2();
new Thread(()->{
for (int i = 0; i < 50; i++) {
ticket.sale();
}
}).start();
}
}
class Ticket2{
private int ticket = 40;
Lock lock = new ReentrantLock();
public void sale(){
try{
lock.lock();
if (ticket>0){
System.out.println("卖出了"+ticket+"号票。剩余"+--ticket+"张票..。");
}
}catch (Exception e){
e.printStackTrace();
}finally {
lock.unlock();
}
}
}
lock中的condiction可以指定某一个线程的执行,condition的await方法会释放锁。condition内部维护了一个 等待队列,所有调用condition.await方法的线程会加入到等待队列中,并且线程状态转换为等待状态。如果该线程能够从await()方法返回的话一定是该线程获取了与condition相关联的lock。>具体原理参考推荐文章
- 使用synchronized实现线程安全
package com.dongmu.test;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
public class Test01 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
/*获得CPU的核数*/
// System.out.println(Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors());
// System.out.println(5>>2);
//
Ticket ticket = new Ticket();
new Thread(()->{
for (int i = 0; i < 50; i++) {
ticket.sale();
}
}).start();
new Thread(()->{
for (int i = 0; i < 50; i++) {
ticket.sale();
}
}).start();
new Thread(()->{
for (int i = 0; i < 50; i++) {
ticket.sale();
}
}).start();
}
}
class Ticket{
private int ticket = 40;
public synchronized void sale(){
if (ticket>0){
System.out.println("卖出了"+ticket+"号票。剩余"+--ticket+"张票。");
}
}
}
//能够保证打印的顺序未ABC
class Data3{
private int num = 1;
Lock lock = new ReentrantLock();
Condition condition1 = lock.newCondition();
Condition condition2 = lock.newCondition();
Condition condition3 = lock.newCondition();
public void A(){
lock.lock();
try {
while (num!=1){
condition1.await();
}
num = 2;
System.out.println("AAAA");
condition2.signal();
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
lock.unlock();
}
}
public void B(){
lock.lock();
try {
while (num!=2){
condition2.await();
}
num = 3;
System.out.println("BBBB");
condition3.signal();
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
lock.unlock();
}
}
public void C(){
lock.lock();
try {
if (num!=3){
condition3.await();
}
num = 1;
System.out.println("CCCC");
condition1.signal();
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
lock.unlock();
}
}
}
lock的读写锁
package com.dongmu.test;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReadWriteLock;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantReadWriteLock;
public class Test005 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
MyCacheLock cache = new MyCacheLock();
for (int i = 0; i < 15; i++) {
final int k = i+1;
new Thread(()->{
cache.put(k);
}).start();
}
for (int i = 0; i < 15; i++) {
final int k = i+1;
new Thread(()->{
cache.get(k);
}).start();
}
}
}
class MyCache{
private Map<Integer,String> map = new HashMap<>();
public void put(int k){
System.out.println("写入了一个元素"+k);
map.put(k,"value");
System.out.println("写入"+k+"完成");
}
public String get(Integer k){
System.out.println("读取下标为"+k+"的元素。");
String s = map.get(k);
System.out.println("读取下标是"+k+"的元素完成");
return s;
}
}
class MyCacheLock{
private Map<Integer,String> map = new HashMap<>();
ReadWriteLock lock = new ReentrantReadWriteLock();
public void put(int k){
lock.writeLock().lock();
try {
System.out.println("写入了一个元素"+k);
map.put(k,"value");
System.out.println("写入"+k+"完成");
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
lock.writeLock().unlock();
}
}
public String get(Integer k){
String s = null;
lock.readLock().lock();
try {
System.out.println("读取下标为"+k+"的元素。");
s = map.get(k);
System.out.println("读取下标是"+k+"的元素完成");
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
lock.readLock().unlock();
}
return s;
}
}
锁
使用CAS实现锁,底层使用的是Unsafe类,能够保证原子性操作
package com.dongmu.test;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicReference;
/**
* cas实现乐观锁
*/
public class Test014 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
myLock lock = new myLock();
new Thread(()->{
try {
lock.lock();
TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(3);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}finally {
lock.unLock();
}
},"t1").start();
new Thread(()->{
try {
lock.lock();
TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}finally {
lock.unLock();
}
},"t2").start();
}
}
//锁的实现
class myLock{
public volatile AtomicReference<Thread> atomicReference = new AtomicReference<>();
public void lock(){
Thread thread = Thread.currentThread();
System.out.println("lock-->"+thread.getName());
while (!atomicReference.compareAndSet(null,thread)){
}
}
public void unLock(){
Thread thread = Thread.currentThread();
atomicReference.compareAndSet(thread,null);
System.out.println("unLock-->"+thread.getName());
}
}
CAS解决ABA问题:(带版本号的原子操作),可以通过循环实现乐观锁
package com.dongmu.test;
import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicStampedReference;
public class Test012 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
AtomicStampedReference atomicStampedReference = new AtomicStampedReference<>(1,1);
new Thread(()->{
atomicStampedReference.compareAndSet(1,2,
atomicStampedReference.getStamp(),atomicStampedReference.getStamp()+1);
System.out.println("值"+atomicStampedReference.getReference());
System.out.println("版本号"+atomicStampedReference.getStamp());
atomicStampedReference.compareAndSet(2,1,
atomicStampedReference.getStamp(),atomicStampedReference.getStamp()+1);
System.out.println("值"+atomicStampedReference.getReference());
System.out.println("版本号"+atomicStampedReference.getStamp());
}).start();
new Thread(()->{
atomicStampedReference.compareAndSet(1,2,
1,2);
System.out.println("版本号"+atomicStampedReference.getStamp());
System.out.println("值"+atomicStampedReference.getReference());
}).start();
}
}