【北邮果园大三】Software Engineering 软件工程 - Block 1 Day 1 - Introduction

Software Engineering 软件工程 - Block 1 Day 1

仅作个人复习与学习交流使用

• 1. Assessments 评分占比
• 2. Day 1 - Introduction
  • 2.1. Software
    • 2.1.1. Definition 定义
    • 2.1.2. Components 组成
    • 2.1.3. Types 类型
    • 2.1.4. Application types 应用类型
    • 2.1.5. Good software features
  • 2.2. Software engineering
  • 2.3. Software failure
  • 2.4. Software issues 影响软件开发的问题

1. Assessments 评分占比

5% Individual lab exercise + 30% Group-based project + 65% Final Examination

2. Day 1 - Introduction

2.1. Software

2.1.1. Definition 定义

• Software is a collection of programs and data that tell a computer how to perform specific tasks. 软件是告诉计算机如何执行特定任务的程序和数据的集合。
• In computer science and software engineering, computer software is all information processed by computer systems, programs and data. 计算机软件是由计算机系统、程序和数据处理的所有信息。

2.1.2. Components 组成

• 程序Programs
• 库Libraries（已写好，供调用的程序）
• 数据（不可执行）Data
  • 文本text
  • 媒体digital media
• 文档Documentation
  • 系统文档
  • 用户文档（使用手册）
  • 要求（最小储存，最低CPU性能等）Requirements
  • 设计模型Design Models

2.1.3. Types 类型

• System software 系统软件（与硬件交互）
  • Operating systems操作系统: Windows. MacOS, Linux
  • Device drivers设备驱动: USB driver, Printer driver
  • Utilities实用软件：指最基础的系统工具软件，如文件管理器、磁盘管理器、任务管理器、防火墙软件等。
  • …
• Application software 应用软件（与用户交互）
  • Word processing: Ms Word
  • Image processing: Photoshop
  • Social network: WeChat
  • …

2.1.4. Application types 应用类型

• By purpose/task 用途
  • Productivity(IDE), Communication, Web Browsers, Media and Entertainment, Social Media, Utility, Education, Health and Fitness, Navigation, Finance, Travel, Weather, …
• By device it runs on 设备
  • Desktop, Mobile, Web, Embedded Software, Server Software, Cloud Software, Embedded Systems Software, Gaming Software, VR&AR, IoT
• By architecture 架构
  • Monolithic Applications
  • Microservices Applications
  • Client-Server Applications
  • Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA)
  • Event-Driven Architecture
  • Serverless Applications
  • Distributed Applications
• By how it is developed 开发方式
  • Generic (off -the-shelf)通用
    • Developed for a general market, common needs
    • To be sold to a range of different customers
    • Example : Microsoft Office, Adobe Photoshop
    • Owned and controlled by the development organisation
  • Custom (bespoke or tailor -made)定制
    • Developed for a particular customer, for specific needs
    • Examples : software used in banks, airlines, embedded systems
    • Owned and controlled by the customer organisation
  • More and more, software companies are starting with a generic system and customising it to the needs of a particular customer. 越来越多的软件公司从通用系统开始，并根据特定客户的需求对其进行定制。

2.1.5. Good software features

• Functionality: 功能齐全
  • perform its intended functions
• Reliability: 可靠（结果准确，始终如一）
  • consistently produces accurate results
• Usability: 可用，直观，界面友好
  • intuitive and user-friendly UI.
• Scalability: 大小可变（处理增加的负载和需求）
  • handle increased loads and user demands
• Performance: 表现出色
  • responsive and performs tasks in a timely manner
• Security: 安全性
  • protect against potential threats
• Maintainability: 可维护
  • easy to maintain and update
• Compatibility: 兼容性
  • compatible with various platforms, OS, and devices
• Flexibility: 适应性（适应不断变化的需求）
  • adapt to changing requirements and business needs
• Documentation: 文档（清晰明了的文档）
  • comprehensive and clear documentation
• Interoperability: 互操作性（与其它系统、应用无缝协作）
  • work seamlessly with other systems or applications
• Error Handling: 错误处理（优雅地处理错误）
  • handle errors gracefully
• Compliance: 合规（符合业界规范）
  • adherence to industry standards, regulations, and best practices.
• Feedback Mechanism: 反馈机制（收集用户反馈，持续改进）
  • gathering user feedback for continuous improvement

2.2. Software engineering

“An engineering discipline that is concerned with all aspects of software production.” 软件工程准则与软件开发的方方面面都有关。

Goal: develop high-quality software 目标/重点是开发高质量软件

Software engineering is a layered technology

• Commitment to quality 关注质量
  • Process: foundation layer 过程：根基层面
    • Methods: technical layer 方法：技术层面
      • Tools: support layer 工具：支持层面

2.3. Software failure

• Large scale software development failure 大规模失败
  • failed or seriously delayed 开发失败，严重超时
  • fail to deliver full functionality within time and budget 无法在预算或预期内交付
  • disasters 灾难
• Small scale software development failure 小规模失败（略）
• Cause of failure 失败原因
  • Missing Focus丧失重点：不明确的目标，缺失商业关注重点
  • Content Issues内容问题：变换要求，技术复杂
  • Skill Issues技能问题：团队不和，技能不够
  • Execution Issues执行问题：计划不现实，临时变动计划

2.4. Software issues 影响软件开发的问题

• Heterogeneity 异质性（不同系统、开发语言、开发环境）
• Business and social change 商业和社会变革（新业态、新技术）
• Security and trust 安全性
• Scale 规模（软件必须适应非常大的规模区间）