外教网络课

第一章ppt

A protocol defines the rules and conventions between 2 processes on the same layer on how communication is to proceed.
协议定义了同一层上两个进程之间关于如何进行通信的规则和约定。

Peers are the entities on different machines that communicate by using the protocol (processes, hardware devices).
peers是不同机器上使用协议（进程、硬件设备）进行通信的实体。

An interface defines which primitives operations the lower layer makes available to the upper one. It is important to have a clean interface between the layers.
一个接口定义了较低层可供较高层使用的原语操作。各层之间有一个干净的接口很重要。

A network architecture is a set of layers and protocols.
网络体系结构是一组层和协议。

ISO 的 OSI 七层参考模型

1. The Physical layer
   transmits raw bits over a communication channel
   通过通信信道传输原始比特
2. The Data Link layer
   transforms a raw transmission link to a reliable link (frame) with no error
   将原始传输链路转换为无错误的可靠链路（帧）
3. The Network layer
   controls the operation of the subnet and how the packet is routed
   控制子网的操作以及数据包的路由方式
4. The Transport layer
   provides a logical communication (segments) between application processes.
   提供应用程序进程之间的逻辑通信（segments）
5. The Session layer
   allows users on different machines to establish session between them
   允许不同计算机上的用户在它们之间建立会话
6. The Presentation layer
   ensures that data arriving from the network can be used by the application and that information sent by the application can be transmitted on the network (encryption/decryption, graphics, data representation, code formatting)
   确保应用程序可以使用来自网络的数据，并且应用程序发送的信息可以在网络上传输（加密/解密、图形、数据表示、代码格式）
7. The Application layer
   包含用户通常需要的各种协议
   用户（例如http、ftp、smtp、snmp等）

云计算（Cloud Computing）

Cloud computing is the use of computing resources (hardware and software) which are available in a remote location and easily accessible over a network (typically the Internet).

Cloud Computing is an evolution of actual technologies and not a new one
云计算是实际技术的演变而不是新技术

Grid computing which is a form of distributed and parallel computing, composed of a cluster of networked, loosely coupled computers acting in concert to perform very large tasks."
网格计算是分布式和并行计算的一种形式，由一组网络化、松散耦合的计算机组成，协同执行非常大的任务。”

Peer-to-peer means distributed architecture without the need for central coordination. Participants are both suppliers and consumers of resources (in contrast to the clientserver model).
对等指的是不需要中央协调的分布式体系结构。
参与者既是资源的提供者，也是资源的消费者（与客户机-服务器模式不同）。

Cloud gaming also known as on-demand gaming is a way of delivering games to computers. Gaming data is stored in the provider’s server, so that gaming is independent of client computers used to play the game.
云游戏也称为按需游戏，是一种向用户交付游戏的方式电脑。游戏数据存在提供商的服务器中，因此游戏独立于用于玩游戏的客户端计算机。

物联网 （Internet of Things (IoT)）

感觉这些大的概念没有什么用，还有上面的那个云计算，应该就是介绍一下。不能考吧。

第二章 ppt physical layer （物理层）

To transport a raw bit stream from one machine to another over a communication channel.
通过通信信道将原始比特流从一台机器传输到另一台机器。
This layer defines all electrical, mechanical, and timing interfaces to the network.

The Theoretical Basis of Data Communication

数据通信的理论基础
Fourier Analysis 傅里叶分析
任何具有周期t的行为合理的周期函数g（t）都可以构造为若干正弦和余弦的和。
A bandwidth is the range of frequencies transmitted without being strongly attenuated.
带宽是在没有强烈衰减的情况下传输的频率范围。

A bandwidth is a physical property of the transmission medium and is measured in cycles/sec or hertz (Hz).
带宽是传输介质的物理属性，以循环/秒或赫兹（Hz）为单位进行测量。


波特是每秒钟发送的样本数，所以它相当于调制速率。

V是信号中的离散电平

magnetic media 磁性介质

Twisted pair 双绞线

category 3 == 3类

coaxial Cable 同轴电缆

1 GHz for modern cable

Optical Fiber 光纤

Optical Fiber (180 - 370 THz) : multimode, monomode
Actually the photo diode limits the data rate to 10-100 Gbps
实际上，光电二极管将数据速率限制在10- 100gbps

Radio transmission 无线电传输

Easy to generate, travel long distance, penetrate
buildings, indoors and outdoors, omnidirectional.
容易产生，旅行距离长，渗透
建筑，室内和室外，全方位。

Interference is possible
干扰是可能的

Low frequency waves go through obstacles but power falls off sharply with distance
低频波可以穿过障碍物，但能量会随着距离的增加而急剧下降

High frequency waves travels in straight line and bounces off obstacles
高频波以直线传播，并在遇到障碍物时反弹

Microwave transmission 微波传输

Travels in straight line
Up to 10 GHz
Relatively inexpensive 相对便宜的

Infrared transmission 红外传输

Short range communication (ex. remote control)
Do not pass through solid walls 不能穿过实心的墙
Not a major
player in wireless network 无线网络中的播放器（感觉翻译的不够准确）

Geostationary Satellites (35,784 km, 270 msec latency) 地球同步卫星

Medium-Earth Orbit Satellites (~18,000 km)

Used for GPS and not for telecommunication 用于GPS不用于通信

Low-Earth Orbit Satellites

Short delay of a few msec

the public switched telephone system

Structure of the telephone system 电话系统的结构

Local loops (analog twisted pairs going to houses)
本地环路（通向房屋的模拟双绞线）

Trunks (fiber optics connecting the switching offices)
中继通向交换局的光纤

Switching offices (moving a call from one trunk to another)
交换局(将呼叫从一个中继线转移到另一个中继线)

全双工 full duplex
半双工 half duplex
单工 simplex

modem 调制解调器

The modem (modulator-demodulator) converts a digital data to an analog form.
调制解调器(调制器-解调器)把数字数据转换成模拟形式。

-A continuous tone (1000-2000 Hz) is introduced on the line and the amplitude, frequency or phase can be modulated
在线路上引入一个连续的音调(1000- 2000hz)，振幅、频率或相位可以被调制
Amplitude modulation 振幅调制
Frequency modulation 频率调制
Phase modulation (ex. 450, 1350, 2250, 3150) 相位调制

Modulation Techniques 调制技术

The Politics of Telephones … 电话政治

没有用

ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network)

集成 服务 数字 网络
特点：第一个 贵 采用时分复用技术

Over a single pair if wires, ISDN provided digitized voice and data channels (two B channels of 64 Kbps each for voice, data or compressed video and one D control channel of 16 Kbps to manage or terminate the session). The two B channels can be combined for a single channel of 128 Kbps.
通过单双if线，ISDN提供了数字化的语音和数据通道(两个64kbps的B通道分别用于语音、数据或压缩视频，一个16kbps的D控制通道用于管理或终止会话)。两个B通道可以合并成一个128kbps的单一通道。

The 2B+D channels are known as the ISDN Basic Rate Interface (BRI).
2B+D通道被称为ISDN基本速率接口BRI (ISDN Basic Rate Interface)。

陌生单词

network architecture 网络体系结构
entities 实体

陌生单词	翻译
network architecture	网络体系结构
entities	实体
primitives operations	原语操作
Encapsulation of protocols	协议的封装
Connection oriented service	面向连接的服务
establish	建立
grid computing	网格计算
Mainframe computer	大型计算机
harmonics	谐波
bandwidth	带宽
Baud	波特
Magnetic media	磁性介质

primitives operations 原语操作