【LaTeX】LaTeX Tutorial

LaTeX Tutorial

Greek Alphabet

\\ \theta \ \lambda \ \epsilon                    \        → a blank space
\\ \theta \; \lambda \; \epsilon                  \;       → a 5/18em blank space
\\ \theta \enspace \lambda \enspace \epsilon      \enspace → a 1/2em blank space
\\ \pi \quad \sigma \quad \omega						      \quad    → a 1em blank space
\\ \phi \qquad \varphi \qquad \Phi \qquad \varPhi \qquad   → a 2em blank space

$$\begin{gathered} \theta \lambda ϵ \\ \theta \lambda ϵ \\ \theta \lambda ϵ \\ \pi \sigma \omega \\ \varphi \phi \Phi \Phi \end{gathered}$$

Greek letter	LaTeX Form	Greek letter	LaTeX Form
α A	\alpha A	N	\nu N
β B	\beta B	ξ Ξ	\xi \Xi
γ Γ	\gamma \Gamma	o O	o O
δ Δ	\delta \Delta	π Π	\pi \varpi \Pi
ϵ ε E	\epsilon \varepsilon E	ρ ϱ P	\rho \varrho P
ζ Z	\zeta Z	σ Σ	\sigma \Sigma
η H	\eta H	τ T	\tau T
θ ϑ Θ	\theta \vartheta \Theta	υ Υ	\upsilon \Upsilon
ω Ω	\omega \Omega	ϕ φ Φ	\phi \varphi \Phi
κ K	\kappa K	χ X	\chi X
λ Λ	\lambda \Lambda	ψ Ψ	\psi \Psi
μ M	\mu M	ι	\iota

PS: Upper Greek Letter can become italics by using “var”
$$\Sigma \to \Sigma$$

Superscript & Subscript

\\H_2O
\\cm^3
\\x^{y+z}  
\\P_{ij}
\\x_i
\\x_{\rm i}

$$\begin{gathered} {H}_{2}O \\ c{m}^3 \\ {x}^{y+z} \\ {P}_{ij} \\ {x}_i \\ {x}_{\mathrm{i}} \end{gathered}$$

Fraction & Square Root

\\ \frac{1}{2}
\\ \frac{x}{y+z}
\\ \frac{\frac{1}{x}}{e+1}  #compare with line4, not recommended
\\ \frac{\dfrac{1}{x}}{e+1} #recommended 

\\ \sqrt[3]{x+1}
\\ \sqrt{\sqrt{x+1}}
\\ \sqrt{x+\sqrt{x+\sqrt{x+1}}}

$$\begin{gathered} \frac{1}{2} \\ \frac{1}{2} \\ \frac{x}{y+z} \\ \frac{\frac{1}{x}}{e+1} \\ \frac{\frac{1}{x}}{e+1} \\ \sqrt[3]{x+1} \\ \sqrt{\sqrt{x+1}} \\ \sqrt{x+\sqrt{x+\sqrt{x+1}}} \end{gathered}$$

Common Operator

\\+-
\\ \times \cdot \div
\\ \pm \ \mp
\\ > < \ge \le \gg \ll 
\\  = \ne \approx \equiv
\\ \cap \cup \in \notin \subseteq \subsetneqq \varnothing
\\ \forall \ \exists \ \nexists
\\ \because \ \therefore
\\ \R \ \Q \ \N \ \Z \ \Z_+
\\ \cdot \ \cdots \ \vdots \ \ddots
\\ \infty \ \partial \ \degree

KaTeX parse error: Undefined control sequence: \Q at position 213: …refore \\ \R \ \̲Q̲ ̲\ \N \ \Z \ \Z_…

Advanced Operator

\\ \sum \ \prod
\\ \sum_{i=0}^{n} x_{i} \ \prod_{i=0}^n x_i
\\ \frac {\sum\limits_{i=0}^{n} x_i}{\prod\limits_{i=0}^n x_i}
\\ \int \ \int_a^b \ \iint \ \iiint \ \oint \ \oiint
\\ \int_{-\infty}^{0} f(x)\,\text d x

$$\begin{gathered} \sum \prod \\ \sum _{i=0}^n{x}_i\prod _{i=0}^n{x}_i \\ \frac{\sum _{i=0}^n{x}_i}{\prod _{i=0}^n{x}_i} \\ \int {\int }_a^b\iint \iiint \oint \iint \\ {\int }_{-\infty }^{0}f(x)\text{d}x \end{gathered}$$

Common Function

\\ \sin x \ \cos x \sec x \tan x
\\ \log_2 x \ \ln x \lg x
\\ \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{x}{\sin x}

$$\begin{gathered} \sin x\cos x\sec x\tan x \\ {\log }_{2}x\ln x\lg x \\ \underset{x\to 0}{\lim }\frac{x}{\sin x} \end{gathered}$$

Vector

\\ \vec x \ \vec y \ \vec z
\\ \overrightarrow {ABC}

\\ \bar x
\\ \overline {ABC}
\\ \widehat{ABC} \ \widetilde{ABC} 

\\ \mathbf R

\\ \dot{a} \ \ddot{a} \ \mathring{a}
\\ \hat{a} \ \check{a} \ \tilde{a} \ \acute{a} 

$$\begin{gathered} \vec{x}\vec{y}\vec{z} \\ \overrightarrow{ABC} \\ \bar{x} \\ \overline{ABC} \\ \widehat{ABC}\widetilde{ABC} \\ \mathbf{R} \\ \dot{a}\ddot{a}\mathring{a} \\ \hat{a}\check{a}\tilde{a}\acute{a} \end{gathered}$$

Arrow

\\ \gets      \ \to
\\ \leftarrow \ \rightarrow \ \leftrightarrow 
\\ \Leftarrow \ \Rightarrow \ \Leftrightarrow
\\ \longleftarrow \ \longrightarrow \ \longleftrightarrow
\\ \Longleftarrow \ \Longrightarrow \ \Longleftrightarrow
\\ \mapsto \ \longmapsto
\\ \hookleftarrow \ \hookrightarrow
\\ \leftharpoonup \ \rightharpoonup
\\ \leftharpoondown \ \rightharpoondown
\\ \rightleftharpoons
\\ \uparrow \ \downarrow \ \updownarrow
\\ \Uparrow \ \Downarrow \ \Updownarrow
\\ \nearrow \ \searrow \ \swarrow \ \nwarrow
\\ \leadsto

$$\begin{gathered} \leftarrow \to \\ \leftarrow \to \leftrightarrow \\ \Leftarrow \Rightarrow \iff \\ ⟵⟶⟷ \\ ⟸⟹⟺ \\ \mapsto ⟼ \\ \hookleftarrow \hookrightarrow \\ \leftharpoonup \rightharpoonup \\ \leftharpoondown \rightharpoondown \\ \rightleftharpoons \\ \uparrow \downarrow \updownarrow \\ \Uparrow \Downarrow \Updownarrow \\ \nearrow \searrow \swarrow \nwarrow \\ ⇝ \end{gathered}$$

Brackets & Parentheses

\\( \ )
\\ \{ \ \}
\\ [ \ ]
\\ \lceil \ \rceil \lfloor \ \rfloor
\\ (0,\frac{1}{a}]
\\ \left(0,\frac{1}{a}\right]          
\\ \frac{\partial f}{\partial z}|_{x=0}
\\ \left.\frac{\partial f}{\partial z}\right|_{x=0}

(   ) {   } [   ] ⌈   ⌉ ⌊   ⌋ ( 0 , 1 a ] ( 0 , 1 a ] ∂ f ∂ z ∣ x = 0 ∂ f ∂ z ∣ x = 0 \\( \ ) \\ \{ \ \} \\ [ \ ] \\ \lceil \ \rceil \lfloor \ \rfloor \\ (0,\frac{1}{a}] \\ \left(0,\frac{1}{a}\right] \\ \frac{\partial f}{\partial z}|_{x=0} \\ \left.\frac{\partial f}{\partial z}\right|_{x=0} ( ){ }[ ]⌈ ⌉⌊ ⌋(0,a1​](0,a1​]∂z∂f​∣x=0​∂z∂f​∣∣∣∣​x=0​

PS: use “\left. \right” to add adpative attributes

Piecewise Function

f(x)=
\begin{cases}
	\sin x,&\dfrac{\pi}{2}\le x \le 2π \\
	0,&\text {else}
\end{cases}

$$f(x)=\{\begin{array}{ll}\sin x,& \frac{\pi }{2}\le x\le 2\pi \\ 0,& \text{else}\end{array}$$

Linear Equations

\begin{cases}
3x+2y-z=7\\
2y+7z=8\\
3z=8
\end{cases}

$$\{\begin{array}{l}3x+2y-z=7\\ 2y+7z=8\\ 3z=8\end{array}$$

Matrix

\begin{matrix}
	a & b & \cdots & c \\
	\vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots\\
	d & e & \cdots & d
\end{matrix}

\begin{pmatrix}
	a & b & \cdots & c \\
	\vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots\\
	d & e & \cdots & d
\end{pmatrix}

\begin{bmatrix}
	a & b & \cdots & c \\
	\vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots\\
	d & e & \cdots & d
\end{bmatrix}

\begin{vmatrix}
	a & b & \cdots & c \\
	\vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots\\
	d & e & \cdots & d
\end{vmatrix}

$$\begin{array}{cccc}a& b& \cdots & c\\ ⋮& ⋮& \ddots & ⋮\\ d& e& \cdots & d\end{array}\left(\begin{array}{cccc}a& b& \cdots & c\\ ⋮& ⋮& \ddots & ⋮\\ d& e& \cdots & d\end{array}\right)\left[\begin{array}{cccc}a& b& \cdots & c\\ ⋮& ⋮& \ddots & ⋮\\ d& e& \cdots & d\end{array}\right]\left|\begin{array}{cccc}a& b& \cdots & c\\ ⋮& ⋮& \ddots & ⋮\\ d& e& \cdots & \end{array}\right|$$

Hands-on Projects

$$F(x,y)={\int }_{-\infty }^x{\int }_{-\infty }^{y}f(u,v)\mathrm{d}v\mathrm{d}u$$

$$P(X=k)={\mathrm{e}}^{-\lambda }\frac{{\lambda }^k}{k!},k=0,1,2,\cdots$$

$$f(x)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi }\sigma }{\mathrm{e}}^{\frac{(x-\mu {)}^2}{2{\sigma }^2}}$$

$${\rho }_{XY}=\frac{Cov(X,Y)}{\sqrt{D(x)}\sqrt{D(Y)}}$$

$${\oint }_S\vec{E}\cdot d\vec{S}=\frac{1}{{\epsilon }_0}\sum _{i=1}^n{q}_i$$

$$\begin{array}{rlr}{E}_x& =\frac{\lambda }{4\pi {\epsilon }_{0}r}(\cos {\theta }_1-\cos {\theta }_2)E_y& =\frac{\lambda }{4\pi {\epsilon }_{0}r}(\sin {\theta }_2-\sin {\theta }_1)\end{array}$$

References

The Great, Big List of LaTeX Symbols