Docker基本命令

Docker

1、基本命令

docker [命令] --help

查看镜像相关的命令

[root@sail ~]# docker images --help

Usage:  docker images [OPTIONS] [REPOSITORY[:TAG]]

List images

Options:
  -a, --all             Show all images (default hides intermediate images)
      --digests         Show digests
  -f, --filter filter   Filter output based on conditions provided
      --format string   Pretty-print images using a Go template
      --no-trunc        Don't truncate output
  -q, --quiet           Only show image IDs

查看容器相关命令

[root@sail ~]# docker ps --help

Usage:  docker ps [OPTIONS]

List containers

Options:
  -a, --all             Show all containers (default shows just running)
  -f, --filter filter   Filter output based on conditions provided
      --format string   Pretty-print containers using a Go template
  -n, --last int        Show n last created containers (includes all states) (default -1)
  -l, --latest          Show the latest created container (includes all states)
      --no-trunc        Don't truncate output
  -q, --quiet           Only display container IDs
  -s, --size            Display total file sizes

基本信息

• docker version

使用docker version命令可以查看Docker的基本信息

[root@sail ~]# docker version

Client: Docker Engine - Community
 Version:           20.10.11
 API version:       1.41
 Go version:        go1.16.9
 Git commit:        dea9396
 Built:             Thu Nov 18 00:38:53 2021
 OS/Arch:           linux/amd64
 Context:           default
 Experimental:      true
Server: Docker Engine - Community
 Engine:
  Version:          20.10.11
  API version:      1.41 (minimum version 1.12)
  Go version:       go1.16.9
  Git commit:       847da18
  Built:            Thu Nov 18 00:37:17 2021
  OS/Arch:          linux/amd64
  Experimental:     false
 containerd:
  Version:          1.4.12
  GitCommit:        7b11cfaabd73bb80907dd23182b9347b4245eb5d
 runc:
  Version:          1.0.2
  GitCommit:        v1.0.2-0-g52b36a2
 docker-init:
  Version:          0.19.0
  GitCommit:        de40ad0

系统信息

docker info

使用docker info命令可以查看Docker的系统信息

[root@sail ~]# docker info

Client:
 Context:    default
 Debug Mode: false
 Plugins:
  app: Docker App (Docker Inc., v0.9.1-beta3)
  buildx: Build with BuildKit (Docker Inc., v0.6.3-docker)
  scan: Docker Scan (Docker Inc., v0.9.0)
Server:
 Containers: 1
  Running: 0
  Paused: 0
  Stopped: 1
 Images: 1
 Server Version: 20.10.11
 Storage Driver: overlay2
  Backing Filesystem: extfs
  Supports d_type: true
  Native Overlay Diff: true
  userxattr: false
 Logging Driver: json-file
 Cgroup Driver: cgroupfs
 Cgroup Version: 1
 Plugins:
  Volume: local
  Network: bridge host ipvlan macvlan null overlay
  Log: awslogs fluentd gcplogs gelf journald json-file local logentries splunk syslog
 Swarm: inactive
 Runtimes: io.containerd.runc.v2 io.containerd.runtime.v1.linux runc
 Default Runtime: runc
 Init Binary: docker-init
 containerd version: 7b11cfaabd73bb80907dd23182b9347b4245eb5d
 runc version: v1.0.2-0-g52b36a2
 init version: de40ad0
 Security Options:
  seccomp
   Profile: default
 Kernel Version: 3.10.0-957.21.3.el7.x86_64
 Operating System: CentOS Linux 7 (Core)
 OSType: linux
 Architecture: x86_64
 CPUs: 2
 Total Memory: 1.694GiB
 Name: sail
 ID: 2GYU:CVF3:LSAL:J37H:TGME:AOCA:BROB:PHCD:ZPN2:BQCG:GXHB:7Q3L
 Docker Root Dir: /var/lib/docker
 Debug Mode: false
 Registry: https://index.docker.io/v1/
 Labels:
 Experimental: false
 Insecure Registries:
  127.0.0.0/8
 Registry Mirrors:
  https://l6b75cm0.mirror.aliyuncs.com/
 Live Restore Enabled: false

2、镜像命令

查看所有镜像

docker images

可以使用 docker images 命令查看所有本地主机上的镜像

该命令等价于 docker image ls。

语法

docker images [参数] [镜像[:标签]]

命令后加上 [镜像[:标签]] 可以对镜像进行过滤。

​ 参数

• -a：显示所有镜像。

• -q：只显示 ID。

  显示所有镜像

  [root@sail ~]# docker images
  REPOSITORY    TAG       IMAGE ID       CREATED        SIZE
  hello-world   latest    feb5d9fea6a5   2 months ago   13.3kB
  

  [root@sail ~]# docker image ls
  REPOSITORY    TAG       IMAGE ID       CREATED        SIZE
  hello-world   latest    feb5d9fea6a5   2 months ago   13.3kB
  

  [root@sail ~]# docker images -a
  REPOSITORY    TAG       IMAGE ID       CREATED        SIZE
  hello-world   latest    feb5d9fea6a5   2 months ago   13.3kB
  
  

只显示镜像的 ID

[root@sail ~]# docker images -q
feb5d9fea6a5

显示所有镜像的 ID

[root@sail ~]# docker images -aq
feb5d9fea6a5

对镜像进行过滤

[root@sail ~]# docker images java
REPOSITORY   TAG       IMAGE ID   CREATED   SIZE
[root@sail ~]# docker images hello-world
REPOSITORY    TAG       IMAGE ID       CREATED        SIZE
hello-world   latest    feb5d9fea6a5   2 months ago   13.3kB
[root@sail ~]# docker images hello-world:latest
REPOSITORY    TAG       IMAGE ID       CREATED        SIZE
hello-world   latest    feb5d9fea6a5   2 months ago   13.3kB

结果分析

REPOSITORY：镜像名（镜像仓库源）。
TAG：镜像的标签。
IMAGE ID：镜像的 ID。
CREATED：镜像的创建时间。
SIZE：镜像的大小。

搜索镜像

​ 语法

docker search [参数]

​ 参数

• -f / --filter：根据过滤条件搜索。

  搜索仓库中的镜像，等价于网页搜索。

[root@sail ~]# docker search mysql
NAME                              DESCRIPTION                                     STARS     OFFICIAL   AUTOMATED
mysql                             MySQL is a widely used, open-source relation…   11789     [OK]       
mariadb                           MariaDB Server is a high performing open sou…   4488      [OK]       
mysql/mysql-server                Optimized MySQL Server Docker images. Create…   882                  [OK]
centos/mysql-57-centos7           MySQL 5.7 SQL database server                   92                   
mysql/mysql-cluster               Experimental MySQL Cluster Docker images. Cr…   89                   
centurylink/mysql                 Image containing mysql. Optimized to be link…   59                   [OK]
databack/mysql-backup             Back up mysql databases to... anywhere!         53                   
prom/mysqld-exporter                                                              44                   [OK]
deitch/mysql-backup               REPLACED! Please use http://hub.docker.com/r…   41                   [OK]
tutum/mysql                       Base docker image to run a MySQL database se…   35                   
linuxserver/mysql                 A Mysql container, brought to you by LinuxSe…   34                   
schickling/mysql-backup-s3        Backup MySQL to S3 (supports periodic backup…   31                   [OK]
mysql/mysql-router                MySQL Router provides transparent routing be…   23                   
centos/mysql-56-centos7           MySQL 5.6 SQL database server                   21                   
arey/mysql-client                 Run a MySQL client from a docker container      19                   [OK]
fradelg/mysql-cron-backup         MySQL/MariaDB database backup using cron tas…   17                   [OK]
genschsa/mysql-employees          MySQL Employee Sample Database                  8                    [OK]
yloeffler/mysql-backup            This image runs mysqldump to backup data usi…   7                    [OK]
openshift/mysql-55-centos7        DEPRECATED: A Centos7 based MySQL v5.5 image…   6                    
devilbox/mysql                    Retagged MySQL, MariaDB and PerconaDB offici…   3                    
ansibleplaybookbundle/mysql-apb   An APB which deploys RHSCL MySQL                3                    [OK]
jelastic/mysql                    An image of the MySQL database server mainta…   2                    
centos/mysql-80-centos7           MySQL 8.0 SQL database server                   2                    
widdpim/mysql-client              Dockerized MySQL Client (5.7) including Curl…   1                    [OK]
vitess/mysqlctld                  vitess/mysqlctld                                1                    [OK]

搜索出 Stars 大于 3000 的

[root@sail ~]# docker search mysql -f=STARS=3000
NAME      DESCRIPTION                                     STARS     OFFICIAL   AUTOMATED
mysql     MySQL is a widely used, open-source relation…   11789     [OK]       
mariadb   MariaDB Server is a high performing open sou…   4488      [OK]

拉取镜像

语法

docker pull [参数] 镜像名[:标签]

​ 如果不输入标签，默认拉取最新版镜像。

​ 参数

• -a：拉取镜像的所有标签。
• -q：抑制详细输出。

默认下载最新版

[root@sail ~]# docker pull redis
Using default tag: latest # 默认最新版标签
latest: Pulling from library/redis
e5ae68f74026: Pull complete # 分层下载，docker image的核心：联合文件系统
37c4354629da: Pull complete 
b065b1b1fa0f: Pull complete 
6954d19bb2e5: Pull complete 
6333f8baaf7c: Pull complete 
f9772c8a44e7: Pull complete 
Digest: sha256:2f502d27c3e9b54295f1c591b3970340d02f8a5824402c8179dcd20d4076b796 #防伪签名
Status: Downloaded newer image for redis:latest
docker.io/library/redis:latest # 真实地址，docker pull redis 等价于 docker pull docker.io/library/redis:latest

​ 指定版本下载

[root@sail ~]# docker pull redis:5.0
5.0: Pulling from library/redis
e5ae68f74026: Already exists # 分层镜像的好处，与之前的版本共用一部分，不用再重复下载
37c4354629da: Already exists 
b065b1b1fa0f: Already exists 
99ab464ba8bb: Pull complete 
eb5bbe3179d2: Pull complete 
2067794f93b6: Pull complete 
Digest: sha256:310f81701011175dc868e833d73f539282dd18510ca35d6f7b63c4d33ab4f54e
Status: Downloaded newer image for redis:5.0
docker.io/library/redis:5.0

这里输入的标签必须是官网版本库存在的标签，否则无法拉取镜像。

删除镜像

​ 语法

docker rmi [参数] 镜像 [镜像...]

参数

• -f：强制删除。

查看现存镜像

[root@sail ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY    TAG       IMAGE ID       CREATED        SIZE
redis         5.0       071510791e92   5 days ago     110MB
redis         latest    aea9b698d7d1   6 days ago     113MB
mysql         5.7       738e7101490b   6 days ago     448MB
mysql         latest    bbf6571db497   6 days ago     516MB
hello-world   latest    feb5d9fea6a5   2 months ago   13.3kB

删除一个。可以通过名称，也可以指定 ID，-f 表示强制删除。

[root@sail ~]# docker rmi -f feb5d9fea6a5
Untagged: hello-world:latest
Untagged: hello-world@sha256:cc15c5b292d8525effc0f89cb299f1804f3a725c8d05e158653a563f15e4f685
Deleted: sha256:feb5d9fea6a5e9606aa995e879d862b825965ba48de054caab5ef356dc6b3412

[root@sail ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY   TAG       IMAGE ID       CREATED      SIZE
redis        5.0       071510791e92   6 days ago   110MB
redis        latest    aea9b698d7d1   6 days ago   113MB
mysql        5.7       738e7101490b   6 days ago   448MB
mysql        latest    bbf6571db497   6 days ago   516MB

删除多个。用空格分隔 ID。

[root@sail ~]# docker rmi -f 738e7101490b bbf6571db497
Untagged: mysql:5.7
Untagged: mysql@sha256:d1cc87a3bd5dc07defc837bc9084f748a130606ff41923f46dec1986e0dc828d
Deleted: sha256:738e7101490b45decf606211a5437ed87aa6a82f1ff03c354564bf9375ce20f9
Deleted: sha256:addad8cfeac97b96eb6652a576269346ac96def9a6709ed2388e24fff4345837
Deleted: sha256:e288c3439a7e2f423f50bf22979a759371c51a70bbbaa450993c336978460b1a
Deleted: sha256:33ece15accaa3bb20e3dee84e2e4501469b917c3abba3d5475cd1fec8bb3e82c
Deleted: sha256:6b15390bceeca8424d82e75f5c9aca5eb4693f96849d6382168a99747877693d
Untagged: mysql:latest
Untagged: mysql@sha256:ff9a288d1ecf4397967989b5d1ec269f7d9042a46fc8bc2c3ae35458c1a26727
Deleted: sha256:bbf6571db4977fe13c3f4e6289c1409fc6f98c2899eabad39bfe07cad8f64f67
Deleted: sha256:a72da99dce60d6f8d4c4cffa4173153c990537fcdfaa27c35324c3348d55dd5c
Deleted: sha256:8b535d432ef2fbd45d93958347b2587c5cbe334f07d6909ad9d2d480ebbafb65
Deleted: sha256:14d13a3b33fc76839f156cd24b4636dab121e6d3d026cefa2985a4b89e9d4df8
Deleted: sha256:77c21a5a897a1ba752f3d742d6c94ee7c6b0e373fd0aeecc4bf88b9a3982007e
Deleted: sha256:189162becec8bb4588c54fb4ea7e62d20121812e68aeb0291fb4bb5df9ec0985
Deleted: sha256:34980dadfd6a5bb9d7f9e8d4e408000e0a8f4840cc7d3092dc94357ebe7a89b6
Deleted: sha256:15b2beb64a91785c8f3709ecd2410d13577b3174faad164524434ce6a7633506
Deleted: sha256:e38dd14d47b61171927ea4b928f7296123b65a81ad1cfde8f5d00cadf1e81bbb
Deleted: sha256:865abdfd8444741f581ce582e4ac5746c4a00c282febf65aa808a235ec7abf78
Deleted: sha256:b1e35233e1ac953bd06fc8fa83afb3a88c39c1aeae0c89a46cb1b652d6821b38
Deleted: sha256:3bcfdf6641227ff63e3ddf9e38e45cf317b178a50a664e45c6ae596107d5bc46
Deleted: sha256:f11bbd657c82c45cc25b0533ce72f193880b630352cc763ed0c045c808ff9ae1

[root@sail ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY   TAG       IMAGE ID       CREATED      SIZE
redis        5.0       071510791e92   6 days ago   110MB
redis        latest    aea9b698d7d1   6 days ago   113MB

删除所有。先用 docker images -aq 查询出所有镜像，再使用 docker rmi -f 递归删除。

[root@sail ~]# docker rmi -f $(docker images -aq)
Untagged: redis:5.0
Untagged: redis@sha256:310f81701011175dc868e833d73f539282dd18510ca35d6f7b63c4d33ab4f54e
Deleted: sha256:071510791e929570d7dde405f10b19d47115db05e46901b36b7d91ff978444bf
Deleted: sha256:8c023aca07f849d976f91ff85da1a90d39add83d8d50d358e1ec5177e1371907
Deleted: sha256:4dbec1fb2051b365aa3e6a805a052f2c7b4e9087c46847722f9ea5f12b1be308
Deleted: sha256:c6b1ae6dca0b2730bc0d78727b3a7078fce525bfa37dbb750e31b7a976ca1d99
Untagged: redis:latest
Untagged: redis@sha256:2f502d27c3e9b54295f1c591b3970340d02f8a5824402c8179dcd20d4076b796
Deleted: sha256:aea9b698d7d1d2fb22fe74868e27e767334b2cc629a8c6f9db8cc1747ba299fd
Deleted: sha256:beb6c508926e807f60b6a3816068ee3e2cece7654abaff731e4a26bcfebe04d8
Deleted: sha256:a5b5ed3d7c997ffd7c58cd52569d8095a7a3729412746569cdbda0dfdd228d1f
Deleted: sha256:ee76d3703ec1ab8abc11858117233a3ac8c7c5e37682f21a0c298ad0dc09a9fe
Deleted: sha256:60abc26bc7704070b2977b748ac0fd4ca94b818ed4ba1ef59ca8803e95920161
Deleted: sha256:6a2f1dcfa7455f60a810bb7c4786d62029348f64c4fcff81c48f8625cf0d995a
Deleted: sha256:9321ff862abbe8e1532076e5fdc932371eff562334ac86984a836d77dfb717f5

[root@sail ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY   TAG       IMAGE ID   CREATED   SIZE

运行镜像

语法

docker run [参数] 镜像名

​ 参数

• --name：指定容器的名称，如果正在运行该名称的容器，会报错。

• --rm：用完即删除，通常用来测试。

• -d：后台方式运行。

• -it：使用交互方式运行，可以进入容器查看内容。

• -e：指定运行环境。

• -p：随机指定端口。

• -p  指定容器的端口，如：-p 8080:8080还可以有以下写法：
  
  

  • -p ip:主机端口:容器端口
  • -p 主机端口:容器端口
  • -p 容器端口

---

安装docker相关的配置

docker-ce 是社区版，docker-ee 企业版

 yum install docker-ce docker-ce-cli containerd.io

---

启动Docker

systemctl start docker
# 查看当前版本号，是否启动成功
docker version
# 设置开机自启动
systemctl enable docker

下载hello-world镜像进行测试

docker run hello-word

查看下载的hello world镜像

[root@iZwz99sm8v95sckz8bd2c4Z lib]# docker images
REPOSITORY    TAG       IMAGE ID       CREATED         SIZE
hello-world   latest    bf756fb1ae65   11 months ago   13.3kB

---

Docker的卸载

# 1. 卸载依赖
yum remove docker-ce docker-ce-cli containerd.io
# 2. 删除资源  . /var/lib/docker是docker的默认工作路径
rm -rf /var/lib/docker

---

配置阿里云镜像加速

依次执行官方的这四条命令

sudo mkdir -p /etc/docker

sudo tee /etc/docker/daemon.json <<-'EOF'
{
  "registry-mirrors": ["https://axvfsf7e.mirror.aliyuncs.com"]
}
EOF

sudo systemctl daemon-reload

sudo systemctl restart docker

---

Docker容器运行流程

启动一个容器，Docker的运行流程如下图:

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底层原理

Docker是一个Client-Server结构的系统(例如mysql)，Docker的守护进程运行在主机上，通过Socker从客户端访问！Docker Server接收到Docker-Client的指令，就会执行这个指令！

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Docker为什么比VM Ware快？

1、Docker比虚拟机更少的抽象层

2、docker利用宿主机的内核，VM需要的是Guest OS