文章目录
1.1、概述
信件
计算机网络:
计算机网络是指将地理位置不同的具有独立功能的多台计算机及其外部设备,通过通信线路连接起来,在网络操作系统,网络管理软件及网络通信协议的管理和协调下,实现资源共享和信息传递的计算机系统。
网络编程的目的:
无线电台…传播交流信息,数据交换。通信
想要达到这个效果需要什么:
- 如何准确的定位网络上的一台主机:类似于这样的地址“192.168.16.124”:端口,定位到这个计算机上的某个资源。
- 找到了这个主机,如何传输数据呢?
javaweb:网页编程 B/S
网络编程:TCP/IP C/S
1.2、网络通信的要素
如何实现网络的通信?
通信双方的地址:
- ip
- 端口号
规则:网络通信的协议
TCP/IP参考模型:
重点讲解
小结:
- 网络编程中有两个主要的问题
- 如何准确的定位到网络上的一台或多台主机。
- 找到主机之后如何进行通信。
- 网络编程中的要素
- IP和端口号 (IP)
- 网络通信协议(TCP、UDP)
- IP和端口号 (IP)
- 万物皆对象
1.3、IP
IP地址:InetAddress
- 唯一定位一台网络上的计算机
- 127.0.0.1:本机localhost
- ip地址的分类
- ipv4/ipv6
- ipv4 127.0.0.1,4个字节组成,0~255,42亿个
- ipv6 2409:8a38:a5a:94b0:6d85:da1a:fc75:d62f,128位,8个无符号整数
- 公网-私网
- 公网(互联网)
- 私网(局域网)
- 域名:记忆IP问题!
- ipv4/ipv6
public class TestInetAddress {
public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
//返回本机地址
InetAddress inetAddress1 = InetAddress.getByName("127.0.0.1");
System.out.println(inetAddress1);
InetAddress inetAddress3 = InetAddress.getByName("localhost");
System.out.println(inetAddress3);
InetAddress inetAddress4 = InetAddress.getLocalHost();
System.out.println(inetAddress4);
//返回百度的ip地址
InetAddress inetAddress2 = InetAddress.getByName("www.baidu.com");
System.out.println("inetAddress2 = " + inetAddress2);
//常用方法
//System.out.println("inetAddress2.getAddress() = " + inetAddress2.getAddress());
System.out.println("inetAddress2.getCanonicalHostName() = " + inetAddress2.getCanonicalHostName()); //规范的名字
System.out.println("inetAddress2.getHostAddress() = " + inetAddress2.getHostAddress()); //ip
System.out.println("inetAddress2.getHostName() = " + inetAddress2.getHostName()); //域名,或自己电脑的名字
//System.out.println("inetAddress2.getClass() = " + inetAddress2.getClass());
} catch (UnknownHostException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
1.4、端口
端口表示计算机上的一个程序的进程。
-
不同的进程有不同的端口号!用来区分软件
-
被规定0~65535
-
TCP,UDP:65535*2
-
端口分类
-
公有端口 0~1023
- http:80
- https:443
- FTP:21
- SSH:22
- Telent:23
-
程序注册端口:1024~49151 分配给用户或者程序
- Tomcat:8080
- MySQL:3306
- Oracle:1521
-
动态、私有:49152~65535
netstat -ano #查看所有端口 netstat -ano|findstr "8080" #查看指定的端口 tasklist|findstr "12440" #查看指定端口的进程(idea) ctrl+shift+ESC #快速打开任务管理器
-
public class TestInetSocketAddress {
public static void main(String[] args) {
InetSocketAddress socketAddress = new InetSocketAddress("127.0.0.1", 8080);
System.out.println("socketAddress = " + socketAddress);
InetSocketAddress socketAddress2 = new InetSocketAddress("localhost", 8080);
System.out.println("socketAddress2 = " + socketAddress2);
System.out.println("socketAddress.getAddress() = " + socketAddress.getAddress());
System.out.println("socketAddress.getHostName() = " + socketAddress.getHostName()); //地址
System.out.println("socketAddress.getPort() = " + socketAddress.getPort()); //端口
}
}
1.5、通信协议
协议:约定,就好比我们现在说的是普通话。
**网络通信协议:**速率,传输码率,代码结构,传输控制……
**问题:**非常的复杂?
大事化小:分层
TCP/IP协议簇:实际上是一组协议
重要:
- TCP:用户传输协议
- UDP:用户数据报协议
出名的协议:
- TCP:
- IP:网络互联协议
TCP与UDP对比
TCP:打电话
-
连接,稳定
-
三次握手
四次挥手
-
客户端、服务端
-
传输完成,释放连接,效率低
最少需要三次,保证稳定连接 A:你瞅啥? B:瞅你咋地? A:干一场! A:我要断开了 B:我知道了 B:你真的断开了吗 A:我真的断开了
UDP:发短信
- 不连接,不稳定
- 客户端、服务端,没有明确界限
- 不管有没有准备好,都会发送
- 例子:导弹
- DDOS:洪水攻击(饱和攻击)
1.6、TCP
客户端
- 连接服务器socket
- 发送消息
//客户端
public class TCPClientDemo01 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Socket socket = null;
OutputStream os = null;
try {
//1.要知道服务器的地址和端口号
InetAddress serverIP = InetAddress.getByName("127.0.0.1");
int port = 9999;
//2.创建一个socket连接
socket = new Socket(serverIP,port);
//3.发送消息IO流
os = socket.getOutputStream();
os.write("你好,欢迎学习网络编程".getBytes());
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}finally {
if (os != null){
try {
os.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
if(socket != null){
try {
socket.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
}
}
服务端
- 建立服务端口ServerSocket
- 等待用户连接accept
- 接收用户发送的消息
//服务端
public class TCPSeverDemo01 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
ServerSocket serverSocket = null;
Socket socket = null;
InputStream is = null;
ByteArrayOutputStream baos = null;
try {
//1.我有一个地址
serverSocket = new ServerSocket(9999);
while (true){
//2.等待客户端连接过来
socket = serverSocket.accept();
//3.读取客户端的消息
is = socket.getInputStream();
//管道流
baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
int len;
while ((len = is.read(buffer)) != -1){
baos.write(buffer,0,len);
}
System.out.println(baos.toString());
}
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}finally {
//关闭资源
if (baos != null){
try {
baos.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
if (is != null){
try {
is.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
if (socket != null){
try {
socket.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
if (serverSocket != null){
try {
serverSocket.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
}
}
1.7、文件上传
服务端
public class TestServerDemo02 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
//1.创建服务
ServerSocket serverSocket = new ServerSocket(9000);
//2.监听客户端的链接
Socket socket = serverSocket.accept();
//3.获取输入流
InputStream is = socket.getInputStream();
//4.文件输出
FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream("2.jpg");
byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
int len;
while ((len = is.read(buffer)) != -1){
fos.write(buffer,0,len);
}
//通知客户端我接收完毕
OutputStream os = socket.getOutputStream();
os.write("我已经接收完毕,可以结束了".getBytes());
//5.关闭资源
os.close();
fos.close();
is.close();
socket.close();
serverSocket.close();
}
}
客户端
public class TCPClientDemo02 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
//1.创建一个socket连接
Socket socket = new Socket(InetAddress.getByName("127.0.0.1"), 9000);
//2.创建一个输出流
OutputStream os = socket.getOutputStream();
//3.读取文件
FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(new File("1.jpg"));
//4.写出文件
byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
int len;
while ((len = fis.read(buffer)) != -1){
os.write(buffer,0,len);
}
//通州服务端我已经传输完毕
socket.shutdownOutput(); //我已经传输完了
//确定服务端接收完毕,才能断开连接
InputStream is = socket.getInputStream();
//String byte[]
ByteArrayOutputStream baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
byte[] buffer2 = new byte[1024];
int len2;
while ((len2 = is.read(buffer2)) != -1){
baos.write(buffer2,0,len2);
}
System.out.println("Server:" + baos.toString());
//5.关闭资源
baos.close();
is.close();
fis.close();
os.close();
socket.close();
}
}
1.8、Tomcat
服务端
- 自定义 S
- Tomcat 服务器 S:Java后台开发
客户端
- 自定义 C
- 浏览器 B
1.9、UDP
发短信:不用连接,但需要对方的地址
+++
发送端
//不需要连接服务器
public class UDPClientDemo01 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
//1.建立一个socket
DatagramSocket socket = new DatagramSocket();
//2.建个包
String msg = "你好,欢迎学习网络编程";
InetAddress inetAddress = InetAddress.getByName("localhost");
int port = 9090;
//数据,长度,地址,端口号
DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(msg.getBytes(),0,msg.getBytes().length,inetAddress,port);
//3.发送包
socket.send(packet);
//4.关闭流
socket.close();
}
}
接收端
public class UDPServerDemo01 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
//1.开放端口
DatagramSocket datagramSocket = new DatagramSocket(9090);
//2.接收数据
byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(buffer,0,buffer.length);
datagramSocket.receive(packet); //阻塞接收
System.out.println("packet.getAddress().getHostAddress() = " + packet.getAddress().getHostAddress());
System.out.println("packet.getData() = " + new String(packet.getData(),0,packet.getLength()));
//3.关闭资源
datagramSocket.close();
}
}
1.10、UDP实现聊天
发送端
public class Chat_UDP_Sender {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
DatagramSocket socket = new DatagramSocket(8888);
while (true){
//准备数据
BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
String s = reader.readLine();
byte[] data = s.getBytes();
DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(data,0,data.length,new InetSocketAddress("localhost",6666));
socket.send(packet);
if (s.equals("bye")){//这里不能使用packet.equals,输入bye后存在空格,不能使聊天框结束
break;
}
}
//关闭资源
socket.close();
}
}
接收端
public class Chat_UDP_Receiver {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
DatagramSocket socket = new DatagramSocket(6666);
while (true) {
//准备接收包裹
byte[] data = new byte[1024];
DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(data,0,data.length);
socket.receive(packet);
//断开连接 bye
byte[] s = packet.getData();
String receiveData = new String(s,0,packet.getLength()); //不能使用s.length,因为s使用了byte[],输入的后面存在空格,导致equals判定失败
System.out.println(receiveData);
if (receiveData.equals("bye")){
break;
}
}
//关闭资源
socket.close();
}
}
1.11、使用多线程,实现两个人相互聊天
TalkSend
public class TalkSend implements Runnable {
DatagramSocket socket = null;
BufferedReader reader = null;
private int fromPort;
private String toIP;
private int toPort;
public TalkSend(int fromPort, String toIP, int toPort) {
this.fromPort = fromPort;
this.toIP = toIP;
this.toPort = toPort;
try {
socket = new DatagramSocket(fromPort);
reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
} catch (SocketException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
@Override
public void run() {
while (true){
//准备数据
String s = null;
try {
s = reader.readLine();
byte[] data = s.getBytes();
DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(data,0,data.length,new InetSocketAddress(this.toIP,this.toPort));
socket.send(packet);
if (packet.equals("bye")){//这里不能使用packet.equals,输入bye后存在空格,不能使聊天框结束
break;
}
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
//关闭资源
socket.close();
}
}
TalkReceive
public class TalkReceive implements Runnable {
DatagramSocket socket = null;
private int fromPort;
private String msgForm;
public TalkReceive(int fromPort,String msgForm){
this.fromPort = fromPort;
this.msgForm = msgForm;
try {
socket = new DatagramSocket(fromPort);
} catch (SocketException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
@Override
public void run() {
while (true) {
try {
//准备接收包裹
byte[] data = new byte[1024];
DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(data,0,data.length);
socket.receive(packet);
//断开连接 bye
byte[] s = packet.getData();
String receiveData = new String(s,0,packet.getLength());
System.out.println(msgForm+":"+receiveData);
if (receiveData.equals("bye")){//不能使用.receiveData.equals,因为s使用了byte[],输入的后面存在空格,导致equals判定失败
break;
}
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
//关闭资源
socket.close();
}
}
TalkStudent
public class TalkStudent {
public static void main(String[] args){
new Thread(new TalkSend(9999,"localhost",8888)).start();
new Thread(new TalkReceive(6666,"老师:")).start();
}
}
TalkTeacher
public class TalkTeacher {
public static void main(String[] args) {
new Thread(new TalkSend(5555,"localhost",6666)).start();
new Thread(new TalkReceive(8888,"学生:")).start();
}
}
1.12、URL下载网络资源
https://www.baidu.com/
概念:统一资源定位符:定位资源的,定位互联网上的某一个资源。
协议://IP地址:端口/{项目名}/{资源}
public class URLDemo01 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws MalformedURLException {
URL url = new URL("http://localhost:8080/helloworld/index.jsp?username=rop&password=123");
System.out.println(url.getProtocol()); //协议
System.out.println(url.getHost()); //主机Ip
System.out.println(url.getPort()); //端口
System.out.println(url.getPath()); //全路径
System.out.println(url.getFile()); //文件
System.out.println(url.getQuery()); //参数
}
}
下载网络资源
public class URLDown {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
//1.下载地址
URL url = new URL("http://localhost:8080/rao/rop.txt");
//2.连接到这个资源 HTTP
HttpURLConnection urlConnection = (HttpURLConnection)url.openConnection();
InputStream is = urlConnection.getInputStream();
FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream("rao.txt");
byte[] buffer = new byte[ 1024 ];
int len;
while ((len = is.read(buffer)) != -1){
fos.write(buffer,0,len);
}
//3.关闭资源
fos.close();
is.close();
urlConnection.disconnect();
}
}