数据库查询语句的练习

         本文包含了基础查询，条件查询，聚合函数，分组查询，排序查询，分页查询，多表查询，内连接（隐式内连接，显示内连接），左连接，自连接，联合查询，标量子查询，列子查询，行子查询，及多表查询案例，事务。

drop table if exists emp;

create table emp
(
    id          int comment '编号',
    workno      varchar(10) comment '工号',
    name        varchar(10) comment '姓名',
    gender      char(1) comment '性别',
    age         tinyint unsigned comment '年龄',
    idcard      char(18) comment '身份证号',
    workaddress varchar(50) comment '工作地址',
    entrydate   date comment '入职时间'
) comment '员工表';

INSERT INTO emp (id, workno, name, gender, age, idcard, workaddress, entrydate)
VALUES (1, '00001', '柳岩666', '女', 20, '123456789012345678', '北京', '2000-01-01');
INSERT INTO emp (id, workno, name, gender, age, idcard, workaddress, entrydate)
VALUES (2, '00002', '张无忌', '男', 18, '123456789012345670', '北京', '2005-09-01');
INSERT INTO emp (id, workno, name, gender, age, idcard, workaddress, entrydate)
VALUES (3, '00003', '韦一笑', '男', 38, '123456789712345670', '上海', '2005-08-01');
INSERT INTO emp (id, workno, name, gender, age, idcard, workaddress, entrydate)
VALUES (4, '00004', '赵敏', '女', 18, '123456757123845670', '北京', '2009-12-01');
INSERT INTO emp (id, workno, name, gender, age, idcard, workaddress, entrydate)
VALUES (5, '00005', '小昭', '女', 16, '123456769012345678', '上海', '2007-07-01');
INSERT INTO emp (id, workno, name, gender, age, idcard, workaddress, entrydate)
VALUES (6, '00006', '杨逍', '男', 28, '12345678931234567X', '北京', '2006-01-01');
INSERT INTO emp (id, workno, name, gender, age, idcard, workaddress, entrydate)
VALUES (7, '00007', '范瑶', '男', 40, '123456789212345670', '北京', '2005-05-01');
INSERT INTO emp (id, workno, name, gender, age, idcard, workaddress, entrydate)
VALUES (8, '00008', '黛绮丝', '女', 38, '123456157123645670', '天津', '2015-05-01');
INSERT INTO emp (id, workno, name, gender, age, idcard, workaddress, entrydate)
VALUES (9, '00009', '范凉凉', '女', 45, '123156789012345678', '北京', '2010-04-01');
INSERT INTO emp (id, workno, name, gender, age, idcard, workaddress, entrydate)
VALUES (10, '00010', '陈友谅', '男', 53, '123456789012345670', '上海', '2011-01-01');
INSERT INTO emp (id, workno, name, gender, age, idcard, workaddress, entrydate)
VALUES (11, '00011', '张士诚', '男', 55, '123567897123465670', '江苏', '2015-05-01');
INSERT INTO emp (id, workno, name, gender, age, idcard, workaddress, entrydate)
VALUES (12, '00012', '常遇春', '男', 32, '123446757152345670', '北京', '2004-02-01');
INSERT INTO emp (id, workno, name, gender, age, idcard, workaddress, entrydate)
VALUES (13, '00013', '张三丰', '男', 88, '123656789012345678', '江苏', '2020-11-01');
INSERT INTO emp (id, workno, name, gender, age, idcard, workaddress, entrydate)
VALUES (14, '00014', '灭绝', '女', 65, '123456719012345670', '西安', '2019-05-01');
INSERT INTO emp (id, workno, name, gender, age, idcard, workaddress, entrydate)
VALUES (15, '00015', '胡青牛', '男', 70, '12345674971234567X', '西安', '2018-04-01');
INSERT INTO emp (id, workno, name, gender, age, idcard, workaddress, entrydate)
VALUES (16, '00016', '周芷若', '女', 18, null, '北京', '2012-06-01');


-- ------------------------------------------查询需求-----------------------------------------


-- 基础查询
-- 1.查询指定字段 name,workno,age 返回
select name,workno,age from emp;

-- 2.查询所有字段返回
select id, workno, name, gender, age, idcard, workaddress, entrydate from emp; -- 建议使用这个查询，效率高

select *from emp;

-- 3.查询所有员工的工作地址，起别名
select workaddress as '工作地址' from emp;
select workaddress  '工作地址' from emp; -- 可以省略as

-- 4.查询公司员工的上班地址（不要重复）distinct,去除重复
select distinct workaddress from emp;



-- --------------------------条件查询------------------------

-- 1.查询年龄为88的员工
select * from emp where age=88;

-- 2.查询年龄小于20的员工信息
select * from emp where age<20;

-- 3.查询没有身份证号的员工数据
select * from emp where idcard is null;

-- 4.查询有身份证号的员工数据
select * from emp where idcard is not null;

-- 5.查询年龄不等于88的员工
select * from emp where age != 88;
select * from emp where age <> 88;

-- 6.查询年龄在15-20之间员工信息
select * from emp where age>=15 && age<=20;
select * from emp where age>=15 and age<=20;

-- 7.性别为女且年龄小于25岁员工信息
select * from emp where age<25 && gender='女';

-- 8.查询年龄等于18或20或40的员工信息
select * from emp where age=18 || age=20 || age=40;
select * from emp where age in(18,20,40);

-- 9.查询姓名为两个字的员工信息 _(一个字符)
select *from emp where name like '__';

-- 10.查询身份证最后一位为X的员工信息   %(最后一位含有这个字符)
select * from emp where idcard like '%X';


-- --------------------------聚合函数-------------------------

-- 1.统计该企业员工数量
select count(*) from emp;
select count(id) from emp;

-- 2.统计该企业员工的平均年龄
select avg(age) as '年龄' from emp;

-- 3.统计企业员工的最大年龄
select max(age) as '年龄' from emp;

-- 4.统计企业员工的最小年龄
select min(age) as '年龄' from emp;

-- 5.统计西安地区员工年龄之和
select sum(age) from emp where workaddress = '西安';


-- ---------------------------分组查询--------------------------

-- 1.根据性别分组，统计男员工 和 女员工 的数量
select gender,count(*) from emp group by gender;

-- 2.根据性别分组，统计男员工 和 女员工 的平均年龄
select gender,avg(age) from emp group by gender;

-- 3.检查年龄小于45的员工，并根据工作地址分组，获取员工数量大于等于3的工作地址
select workaddress, count(*) from emp where age<45 group by workaddress having count(*)>=3;


-- ---------------------------排序查询--------------------------

-- 1.根据年龄对公司员工进行升序排序
select * from emp order by age;

-- 2.根据入职时间进行降序排序
select * from emp order by entrydate desc;

-- 3.根据年龄对公司进行升序排序，年龄相同，再按照入职时间进行降序排序


-- ----------------------------分页查询---------------------------
-- 1. 查询第一页员工数据，每页展示10条记录
select * from emp limit 0,10;

-- 2. 查询第二页员工数据，每页展示10条记录 ----------->(页码-1)*页展示记录数
select * from emp limit 10,10;



-- ---------------------------DQL语句练习-------------------------
-- 1.查询年龄为20，21，22，23岁的女性员工信息
select * from emp where gender='女' and age in(20,21,22,23);

-- 2.查询性别为男，且年龄为20-40岁之间内的姓名为三个字的员工信息
select *from emp where gender='男' and age between 20 and 40 and name like '___';

-- 3.统计员工表中，年龄小于60岁，男性员工和女性员工人数
select gender,count(*) from emp where age<60 group by gender;

-- 4.查询所有年龄小于等于35岁员工的姓名和年龄，并对查询结果按年龄升序排列，如果年龄相同按入职降序排列
select name,age from emp where age<=35 order by age asc ,entrydate desc;

-- 5.查询性别为男，且年龄为20-40岁之间前5个员工信息，对查询结果按照年龄升序排列，年龄相同按入职时间升序排列
select * from emp where gender='男' and age between 20 and 40 order by age asc ,entrydate asc limit 5;


-- ---------------------------------------多表关系演示-------------------------------

create table student
(
    id   int auto_increment primary key comment '主键ID',
    name varchar(10) comment '姓名',
    no   varchar(10) comment '学号'
) comment '学生表';
insert into student
values (null, '黛绮丝', '2000100101'),
       (null, '谢逊', '2000100102'),
       (null, '殷天正', '2000100103'),
       (null, '韦一笑', '2000100104');

create table course
(
    id   int auto_increment primary key comment '主键ID',
    name varchar(10) comment '课程名称'
) comment '课程表';
insert into course
values (null, 'Java'),
       (null, 'PHP'),
       (null, 'MySQL'),
       (null, 'Hadoop');

create table student_course
(
    id        int auto_increment comment '主键' primary key,
    studentid int not null comment '学生ID',
    courseid  int not null comment '课程ID',
    constraint fk_courseid foreign key (courseid) references course (id),
    constraint fk_studentid foreign key (studentid) references student (id)
) comment '学生课程中间表';
insert into student_course
values (null, 1, 1),
       (null, 1, 2),
       (null, 1, 3),
       (null, 2, 2),
       (null, 2, 3),
       (null, 3, 4);




-- ------------------------------------> 多表查询 <--------------------------------------------
-- 准备数据
create table dept(
    id   int auto_increment comment 'ID' primary key,
    name varchar(50) not null comment '部门名称'
)comment '部门表';

create table emp(
    id  int auto_increment comment 'ID' primary key,
    name varchar(50) not null comment '姓名',
    age  int comment '年龄',
    job varchar(20) comment '职位',
    salary int comment '薪资',
    entrydate date comment '入职时间',
    managerid int comment '直属领导ID',
    dept_id int comment '部门ID'
)comment '员工表';

-- 添加外键
alter table emp add constraint fk_emp_dept_id foreign key (dept_id) references dept(id);

INSERT INTO dept (id, name) VALUES (1, '研发部'), (2, '市场部'),(3, '财务部'), (4, '销售部'), (5, '总经办'), (6, '人事部');
INSERT INTO emp (id, name, age, job,salary, entrydate, managerid, dept_id) VALUES
            (1, '金庸', 66, '总裁',20000, '2000-01-01', null,5),

            (2, '张无忌', 20, '项目经理',12500, '2005-12-05', 1,1),
            (3, '杨逍', 33, '开发', 8400,'2000-11-03', 2,1),
            (4, '韦一笑', 48, '开发',11000, '2002-02-05', 2,1),
            (5, '常遇春', 43, '开发',10500, '2004-09-07', 3,1),
            (6, '小昭', 19, '程序员鼓励师',6600, '2004-10-12', 2,1),

            (7, '灭绝', 60, '财务总监',8500, '2002-09-12', 1,3),
            (8, '周芷若', 19, '会计',48000, '2006-06-02', 7,3),
            (9, '丁敏君', 23, '出纳',5250, '2009-05-13', 7,3),

            (10, '赵敏', 20, '市场部总监',12500, '2004-10-12', 1,2),
            (11, '鹿杖客', 56, '职员',3750, '2006-10-03', 10,2),
            (12, '鹤笔翁', 19, '职员',3750, '2007-05-09', 10,2),
            (13, '方东白', 19, '职员',5500, '2009-02-12', 10,2),

            (14, '张三丰', 88, '销售总监',14000, '2004-10-12', 1,4),
            (15, '俞莲舟', 38, '销售',4600, '2004-10-12', 14,4),
            (16, '宋远桥', 40, '销售',4600, '2004-10-12', 14,4),
            (17, '陈友谅', 42, null,2000, '2011-10-12', 1,null);


-- 多表查询 -- 笛卡尔积 在多表查询中需要消除无效的笛卡尔积

-- 内连接
-- 1. 隐式内连接
select emp.name,dept.name from emp , dept where emp.dept_id = dept.id;

-- 2.显式内连接
select e.name,d.name from emp e join dept d on e.dept_id=d.id;

-- 外连接
-- 1.左外连接
-- a.查询emp表中所有数据，和对应部门信息
select e.*,d.name from emp e left outer join dept d on e.dept_id=d.id;

-- b.查询dept表的所有数据，和对应员工信息
select d.*,e.* from emp e right join dept d on d.id=e.dept_id;

-- 自连接
-- 1.查询员工，及其领导的名字
select a.name,b.name from emp a,emp b where a.managerid=b.id;

-- 2.查询所有员工emp 及其领导的名字emp，如果员工没有领导，也要查出来
select a.name '员工',b.name '领导' from emp a left join emp b on a.managerid=b.id;

-- 联合查询
-- 1.将薪资低于5000的员工，和年龄大于50的员工全部查出来
select *from emp where salary < 5000
union
select*from emp where age>50;

-- 标量子查询
-- 1.查询销售部的所有员工
select *from emp where dept_id=(select id from dept where name='销售部');

-- 2.查询在方东白入职之后的员工信息
select *from emp where entrydate>(select entrydate from emp where name='方东白');


-- 列子查询
-- 1.查询销售部和市场部的所有员工信息
select * from emp where dept_id in (select id from dept where name='销售部' or name='市场部');

-- 2.查询比 财务部 所有人 工资高的员工信息
select *from emp where salary>all(select salary from emp where dept_id=(select id from dept where name='财务部'));

-- 3.查询比研发部任意一人工资高的员工信息
select *from emp where salary>any(select salary from emp where dept_id=(select id from dept where name='研发部'));


-- 行子查询
-- 查询与张无忌薪资和领导相同的员工信息
select * from emp where (salary,managerid)=(select salary,managerid from emp where name='张无忌');



-- ------------------------------------------多表查询案例---------------------------------------
create table salgrade(
    grade int,
    losal int,
    hisal int
) comment '薪资等级表';

insert into salgrade values (1,0,3000);
insert into salgrade values (2,3001,5000);
insert into salgrade values (3,5001,8000);
insert into salgrade values (4,8001,10000);
insert into salgrade values (5,10001,15000);
insert into salgrade values (6,15001,20000);
insert into salgrade values (7,20001,25000);
insert into salgrade values (8,25001,30000);


-- 1.查询员工姓名，年龄，职位，部门信息（隐式内连接）
select e.name,e.age,e.job,d.name from emp e,dept d where e.dept_id=d.id;

-- 2.查询年龄小于30岁的员工姓名，年龄，职位，部门信息（显式内连接）
select e.name,e.age,e.job,d.name from emp e inner join dept d on e.dept_id = d.id where e.age<30;

-- 3.查询拥有员工的部门id，部门名称
select distinct d.id,d.name from emp e,dept d where e.dept_id=d.id;

-- 4.查询所有年龄大于40的员工，及其归属的部门名称，如果员工没有分配也要展示出来
select e.*,d.name from emp e left  join dept d on e.dept_id=d.id where e.age>40;

-- 5.所有员工的工资等级
select e.name,s.grade from emp e,salgrade s where e.salary>=s.losal and e.salary<= s.hisal;

-- 6.查询员工“研发部”员工的信息及工资等级
select e.*,s.grade from emp e ,dept d, salgrade s where e.dept_id=d.id and d.name='研发部' and e.salary>=s.losal and e.salary<= s.hisal;

-- 7.查询研发部员工平均薪资
select avg(salary) from emp e ,dept d where e.dept_id=d.id and d.name='研发部';

-- 8.查询工资比灭绝高的员工信息
select *from emp where salary>(select salary from emp where name='灭绝');

-- 9.查询比平均薪资高的员工信息
select * from emp where salary>(select avg(salary) from emp);

-- 10.查询低于本部门平均薪资的员工薪资
select * from emp e2 where salary < (select avg(salary) from emp e1 where e1.dept_id=e2.dept_id);

-- 11.查询所有部门信息，并统计部门的员工人数
select d1.id,d1.name,(select count(*) from emp where dept_id=d1.id) '人数' from dept d1;



-- ---------------------------- 事务操作 ----------------------------
-- 数据准备
create table account(
    id int auto_increment primary key comment '主键ID',
    name varchar(10) comment '姓名',
    money int comment '余额'
) comment '账户表';
insert into account(id, name, money) VALUES (null,'张三',2000),(null,'李四',2000);


-- 事务提交方式
select @@autocommit;
-- 设置为手动提交
set @@autocommit=1;

-- 转账操作 (张三给李四转账1000)
-- 方式一
-- 1. 查询张三账户余额
select * from account where name = '张三';

-- 2. 将张三账户余额-1000
update account set money = money - 1000 where name = '张三';

抛出异常...

-- 3. 将李四账户余额+1000
update account set money = money + 1000 where name = '李四';

-- 提交事务，此时才可以提交成功
commit ;

-- 回滚事务
rollback ;


-- 方式二
-- 开启事务
start transaction ;
-- 1. 查询张三账户余额
select * from account where name = '张三';

-- 2. 将张三账户余额-1000
update account set money = money - 1000 where name = '张三';

程序报错...

-- 3. 将李四账户余额+1000
update account set money = money + 1000 where name = '李四';

-- 提交事务
commit ;

-- 回滚事务
rollback ;