雅思练习总结（十一）

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雅思练习总结（十一）

本文章是雅思练习总结（十一），总结了文章《GREYING POPULATION STAYS IN THE PINK》，内容包括原文精翻，文章脉络总结，单词扩展学习3个部分

1 文章原文及翻译

GREYING POPULATION STAYS IN THE PINK

翻译：满头华发的人们仍满面红光

Elderly people are growing healthier, happier and more independent, say American scientists. The results of a 14-year study to be announced later this month reveal that the diseases associated with old age are afflicting fewer and fewer people and when they do strike, it is much later in life.

翻译：美国科学家声称，老年人今年来是越来越健康、快乐和独立。本月晚些时候将公布的一项为期 14 年的研究结果表明，患老年病的人越来越少，患病时间也越来越晚。

In the last 14 years, the National Long-term Health Care Survey has gathered data on the health and lifestyles of more than 20,000 men and women over 65. Researchers, now analysing the results of data gathered in 1994, say arthritis, high blood pressure and circulation problems - the major medical complaints in this age group - are troubling a smaller proportion every year. And the data confirms that the rate at which these diseases are declining continues to accelerate. Other diseases of old age - dementia, stroke, arteriosclerosis and emphysema - are also troubling fewer and fewer people.

翻译：在过去的 14 年中，全国长期健康护理调查收集了 20,000 多名 65 岁以上男性和女性的健康数据和生活方式数据。研究人员正在分析 1994 年至今收集的数据，他们的结果显示，关节炎、高血压和循环问题（这个年龄段的主要疾病）患病的人数每年越来越少，且减少的速度也越来越快。其他老年病（痴呆症、中风、动脉硬化和肺气肿）的患病人数也在逐年减少。

‘It really raises the question of what should be considered normal ageing,’ says Kenneth Manton, a demographer from Duke University in North Carolina. He says the problems doctors accepted as normal in a 65-year-old in 1982 are often not appearing until people are 70 or 75.

翻译：北卡罗来纳州杜克大学人口统计学家肯尼斯·曼顿说：“这些结果反应出来一个问题：什么才算是正常的衰老？”（这里是说，以前的老人们应该都是不正常的衰老，他们的疾病都是不正常衰老的体现，而不是衰老必须经历的过程）他说，医生在 1982 年认为 65 岁老人的正常问题，通常要到 70 或 75 岁时才会出现。

Clearly, certain diseases are beating a retreat in the face of medical advances. But there may be other contributing factors. Improvements in childhood nutrition in the first quarter of the twentieth century, for example, gave today’s elderly people a better start in life than their predecessors.

翻译：显然，某些疾病在医学进步面前正在消退。但可能还有其他因素，例如，20 世纪前 25 年儿童营养状况的改善使今天的老年人比他们的前辈们拥有更好的人生开端。

On the downside, the data also reveals failures in public health that have caused surges in some illnesses. An increase in some cancers and bronchitis may reflect changing smoking habits and poorer air quality, say the researchers. ‘These may be subtle influences,’ says Manton, ‘but our subjects have been exposed to worse and worse pollution for over 60 years. It’s not surprising we see some effect.’

翻译：而不利的一面是，数据还揭示了公共卫生方面的失误导致了某些疾病的激增。研究人员表示，某些癌症和支气管炎发病率的增加可能反映了吸烟习惯的改变和空气质量的下降。“这些影响都是很微妙的，”曼顿说，“但我们的受试者 60 多年来一直暴露在越来越严重的污染中。这些影响其实并不奇怪。”

One interesting correlation Manton uncovered is that better-educated people are likely to live longer. For example, 65-year-old women with fewer than eight years of schooling are expected, on average, to live to 82. Those who continued their education live an extra seven years. Although some of this can be attributed to a higher income, Manton believes it is mainly because educated people seek more medical attention.

翻译：曼顿还发现了一个有趣的相关性：受教育程度较高的人，具有更长的寿命。例如，受教育年限不足八年的 65 岁女性预计的平均寿命为 82 岁。而接受继续教育的人寿命可进一步延长七年。虽然这在一定程度上可以归因于更高的收入，但曼顿认为，这主要是因为受教育程度较高的人，会寻求更多的医疗服务。

The survey also assessed how independent people over 65 were, and again found a striking trend. Almost 80% of those in the 1994 survey could complete everyday activities ranging from eating and dressing unaided to complex tasks such as cooking and managing their finances. That represents a significant drop in the number of disabled old people in the population. If the trends apparent in the United States 14 years ago had continued, researchers calculate there would be an additional one million disabled elderly people in today’s population. According to Manton, slowing the trend has saved the United States government’s Medicare system more than $200 billion, suggesting that the greying of America’s population may prove less of a financial burden than expected.

翻译：调查还评估了 65 岁以上老人的独立性，并再次发现了一个惊人的趋势。1994 年的调查中，近 80% 的老人可以独立完成日常活动，从吃饭、穿衣到烹饪和财务管理等复杂任务。这意味着人口中残疾老人的数量大幅下降。如果 14 年前美国出现的趋势继续下去，研究人员计算出今天的人口中将增加 100 万残疾老人。曼顿表示，减缓这一趋势为美国政府的医疗保险系统节省 2000 多亿美元，这表明美国人口老龄化带来的经济负担可能比预期的要小。

The increasing self-reliance of many elderly people is probably linked to a massive increase in the use of simple home medical aids. For instance, the use of raised toilet seats has more than doubled since the start of the study, and the use of bath seats has grown by more than 50%. These developments also bring some health benefits, according to a report from the MacArthur Foundation’s research group on successful ageing. The group found that those elderly people who were able to retain a sense of independence were more likely to stay healthy in old age.

翻译：许多老年人独立能力的不断提高可能与简单家庭医疗辅助设备的使用量大幅增加有关。例如，自研究开始至今，加高马桶座的使用量增加了一倍多，浴盆座椅的使用量增长了 50% 以上。根据麦克阿瑟基金会成功老龄化研究小组的一份报告，这些发展也带来了一些健康益处。该小组发现，那些能够保持独立感的老年人更有可能在晚年保持健康。

Maintaining a level of daily physical activity may help mental functioning, says Carl Cotman, a neuroscientist at the University of California at Irvine. He found that rats that exercise on a treadmill have raised levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor coursing through their brains. Cotman believes this hormone, which keeps neurons functioning, may prevent the brains of active humans from deteriorating.

翻译：加州大学欧文分校的神经学家卡尔·科特曼说，保持一定水平的日常体育锻炼可能有助于大脑功能。他发现，在跑步机上锻炼的老鼠大脑中脑源性神经营养因子的水平有所提高。科特曼认为，这种可以保持神经元功能的激素，或可防止活跃人类的大脑退化。

As part of the same study, Teresa Seeman, a social epidemiologist at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles, found a connection between self-esteem and stress in people over 70. In laboratory simulations of challenging activities such as driving, those who felt in control of their lives pumped out lower levels of stress hormones such as cortisol. Chronically high levels of these hormones have been linked to heart disease.

翻译：花开两朵，各表一枝，洛杉矶南加州大学社会流行病学家特蕾莎·西曼 (Teresa Seeman) 发现，70 岁以上老人的自尊心与压力之间是存在联系。在实验室模拟驾驶等具有挑战性的活动时，那些感觉能掌控自己生活的人分泌的皮质醇等压力激素水平较低。长期保持高激素水平会导致心脏病。

But independence can have drawbacks. Seeman found that elderly people who felt emotionally isolated maintained higher levels of stress hormones even when asleep. The research suggests that older people fare best when they feel independent but know they can get help when they need it.

翻译：但独立也是有弊端的。西曼发现，感到孤独的老年人即使在睡觉时也会保持较高的压力激素水平。研究表明，那些知道自己可以在需要时得到帮助的独居老人，是情况最好的。

‘Like much research into ageing, these results support common sense,’ says Seeman. They also show that we may be underestimating the impact of these simple factors. ‘The sort of thing that your grandmother always told you turns out to be right on target,’ she says.

翻译：“就像许多关于衰老的研究一样，本实验的结果都是支持人们的常识的，”西曼说。它们还表明，我们可能低估了这些简单因素的影响。“你祖母经常告诉你的那些事情，其实都是完全正确的，”她说。

2 文章结构分析

这篇的脉络可总结如下

第一段直接总写了文章描述的一项历经 14 年研究的结论：老人们越来越健康、快乐和独立，老年病的患病人数越来越少，患病时间也越来越晚
第二段是对该研究基本内容的介绍：收集了 20,000 多名 65 岁以上男性和女性的健康数据和生活方式数据，结论包括，老年病的患病人数越来越少，降低速度越来越快，患病时间越来越晚
第三段是对研究结果的进一步佐证，医生们的临床经验表明，部分老年病的发病时间从 65 岁延长到了 75 岁
第四段、第五段是一个硬币的 2 面，一方面医学的进步与生活条件的改善确实让部分疾病的治疗取得了进步，但是污染的加剧也使得人们长期暴露于污染中，又加剧了其他疾病的发病率
第六段是说，受过更高教育的人寿命会更长，因为他们会在诉诸更频繁的医疗帮助
第七段、第八段是说，残疾老人数量的减少增加了老人们的独立自主性，又进一步促进了老人们的晚年健康
第九段、第十段是说，老人们独立自主性的其他有益作用，一是神经科学家发现，定期锻炼可以预防大脑退化，二是社会流行病学家发现，独立自主的老人们会对自己的生活产生掌控感，并降低老人的压力激素水平
第十一段是说，独立也不是全有好处，感到孤独的老人在睡觉的时候也会保持较高的压力激素水平，知道自己可以在需要时得到帮助的独居老人才能保证最佳的状态
第十二段是说，这项研究的结论其实也是日常中我们听到老人们常说的，但是也是给这些说法找了一个科学的结论