雅思练习总结（十六）

雅思练习总结（十六）

本文章是雅思练习总结（十六），总结了文章《The Impact of Wilderness Tourism》，内容包括原文精翻，文章脉络总结，单词扩展学习3个部分

1 文章原文及翻译

The Impact of Wilderness Tourism

翻译：野外旅游业的影响

A
The market for tourism in remote areas is booming as never before. Countries all across the world are actively promoting their ‘wilderness’ regions - such as mountains, Arctic lands, deserts, small islands and wetlands - to high-spending tourists. The attraction of these areas is obvious: by definition, wilderness tourism requires little or no initial investment. But that does not mean that there is no cost. As the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development recognized, these regions are fragile (i.e. highly vulnerable to abnormal pressures) not just in terms of their ecology, but also in terms of the culture of their inhabitants. The three most significant types of fragile environment in these respects, and also in terms of the proportion of the Earth’s surface they cover, are deserts, mountains and Arctic areas. An important characteristic is their marked seasonality, with harsh conditions prevailing for many months each year. Consequently, most human activities, including tourism, are limited to quite clearly defined parts of the year.

Tourists are drawn to these regions by their natural landscape beauty and the unique cultures of their indigenous people. And poor governments in these isolated areas have welcomed the new breed of ‘adventure tourist’, grateful for the hard currency they bring. For several years now, tourism has been the prime source of foreign exchange in Nepal and Bhutan. Tourism is also a key element in the economies of Arctic zones such as Lapland and Alaska and in desert areas such as Ayers Rock in Australia and Arizona’s Monument Valley.

翻译：偏远地区的旅游市场正以前所未有的速度蓬勃发展。世界各国都在积极为高消费游客们推荐“荒野”特色旅游地区，如山区、北极地区、沙漠、小岛和湿地。这些地区的吸引力显而易见：从定义上讲，荒野旅游几乎不需要或根本不需要初始投资。但这并不意味着它没有成本。正如 1992 年联合国环境与发展会议所承认的那样，这些地区不仅在生态方面，而且在居民的文化方面都是脆弱的（即极易受到异常压力的影响）。从这些方面以及它们覆盖的地球表面比例来看，三种最重要的脆弱环境类型是沙漠、山区和北极地区。此外，它们还具备明显的季节性，这些区域每年有好几个月的条件都十分恶劣。因此，包括旅游在内的大多数人类活动都局限于一年中固定的某段时间。

游客们则被这些地区的自然景观之美和当地人民的独特文化所吸引。这些偏远地区的贫困政府都很欢迎新一代“探险游客”，并感谢他们带来的硬通货。多年来，旅游业一直是尼泊尔和不丹的主要外汇来源。旅游业也是拉普兰和阿拉斯加等北极地区以及澳大利亚艾尔斯岩和亚利桑那州纪念碑谷等沙漠地区经济的关键要素。

B
Once a location is established as a main tourist destination, the effects on the local community are profound. When hill-farmers, for example, can make more money in a few weeks working as porters for foreign trekkers than they can in a year working in their fields, it is not surprising that many of them give up their farm-work, which is thus left to other members of the family. In some hill-regions, this has led to a serious decline in farm output and a change in the local diet, because there is insufficient labour to maintain terraces and irrigation systems and tend to crops. The result has been that many people in these regions have turned to outside supplies of rice and other foods.

In Arctic and desert societies, year-round survival has traditionally depended on hunting animals and fish and collecting fruit over a relatively short season. However, as some inhabitants become involved in tourism, they no longer have time to collect wild food; this has led to increasing dependence on bought food and stores. Tourism is not always the culprit behind such changes. All kinds of wage labour, or government handouts, tend to undermine traditional survival systems. Whatever the cause, the dilemma is always the same: what happens if these new, external sources of income dry up?

The physical impact of visitors is another serious problem associated with the growth in adventure tourism. Much attention has focused on erosion along major trails, but perhaps more important are the deforestation and impacts on water supplies arising from the need to provide tourists with cooked food and hot showers. In both mountains and deserts, slow-growing trees are often the main sources of fuel and water supplies may be limited or vulnerable to degradation through heavy use.

翻译：当某个地方成为主要旅游目的地时，对当地社区造成的影响将是深远的。例如，当山区农民为外国徒步旅行者当搬运工几周所赚的钱比他们在田里工作一年所赚的钱还多时，他们将农活留给其他家庭成员，出去赚快钱，就不足为奇了。在一些山区，这些现象会导致农业产量严重下降，这导致当地饮食习惯也发生了变化，因为没有足够的劳动力来维护梯田和灌溉系统、照料庄稼。他们就拿着赚到的钱去外面买大米和其他物资了。

对北极和沙漠地区的人来说，他们一年的口粮都依赖于短短几季中狩猎动物、捕鱼和采集水果。部分居民从事旅游业后，就不再有时间采集野生食物了，会导致他们越来越依赖购买的食物和商店。虽然旅游业并不总是造成这种变化的罪魁祸首，但各种雇佣劳动或政府救济往往会破坏他们的传统生存体系。无论原因是什么，困境总是存在的：如果这些新的外部收入来源枯竭，会发生什么？

游客对当地环境造成的物理影响是探险旅游造成的另一个大问题。人们的注意力通常会集中在主要小径沿线的环境侵蚀，但也许更重要的是森林砍伐和因需要为游客提供熟食和热水淋浴而对水源的影响。在山区和沙漠中，生长缓慢的树木通常是主要的燃料来源，他们的水源也可能有限或容易因过度使用而退化。

C
Stories about the problems of tourism have become legion in the last few years. Yet it does not have to be a problem. Although tourism inevitably affects the region in which it takes place, the costs to these fragile environments and their local cultures can be minimized. Indeed, it can even be a vehicle for reinvigorating local cultures, as has happened with the Sherpas of Nepal’s Khumbu Valley and in some Alpine villages. And a growing number of adventure tourism operators are trying to ensure that their activities benefit the local population and environment over the long term.

In the Swiss Alps, communities have decided that their future depends on integrating tourism more effectively with the local economy. Local concern about the rising number of second home developments in the Swiss Pays d’Enhaut resulted in limits being imposed on their growth. There has also been a renaissance in communal cheese production in the area, providing the locals with a reliable source of income that does not depend on outside visitors.

Many of the Arctic tourist destinations have been exploited by outside companies, who employ transient workers and repatriate most of the profits to their home base. But some Arctic communities are now operating tour businesses themselves, thereby ensuring that the benefits accrue locally. For instance, a native corporation in Alaska, employing local people, is running an air tour from Anchorage to Kotzebue, where tourists eat Arctic food, walk on the tundra and watch local musicians and dancers.

Native people in the desert regions of the American Southwest have followed similar strategies, encouraging tourists to visit their pueblos and reservations to purchase high-quality handicrafts and artwork. The Acoma and San Ildefonso pueblos have established highly profitable pottery businesses, while the Navajo and Hopi groups have been similarly successful with jewellery.

Too many people living in fragile environments have lost control over their economies, their culture and their environment when tourism has penetrated their homelands. Merely restricting tourism cannot be the solution to the imbalance, because people’s