文章目录
什么是子查询
子查询指一个查询语句嵌套在另一个查询语句内部的查询,这个特性从MySQL 4.1开始引入。
- SQL 中子查询的使用大大增强了 SELECT 查询的能力,因为很多时候查询需要从结果集中获取数据,或者需要从同一个表中先计算得出一个数据结果,然后与这个数据结果(可能是某个标量,也可能是某个集合)进行比较。
需求分析与问题解决
查询员工中谁的工资比Abel工资高
- 这种问题,我们得先知道Abel的工资
#方式一:
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE last_name = 'Abel';
SELECT last_name,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary > 11000;
#方式二:自连接
SELECT t1.salary
FROM employees t1 JOIN employees t2
WHERE t2.`last_name` = 'Abel' AND t1.salary > t2.`salary`;
子查询
select salary
from employees
where salary > (SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE last_name = 'Abel'
)
子查询的基本语法结构
![image-20230924144922275](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/bd912abc64d20cd47553cabc94b0c77e.png)
- 子查询(内查询)在主查询之前一次执行完成。
- 子查询的结果被主查询(外查询)使用 。
注意事项
- 子查询要包含在括号内
- 将子查询放在比较条件的右侧
- 单行操作符对应单行子查询,多行操作符对应多行子查询
子查询的分类
-
我们按内查询的结果返回一条还是多条记录,将子查询分为 单行子查询 、 多行子查询 。
-
我们按内查询是否被执行多次,将子查询划分为 相关(或关联)子查询 和 不相关(或非关联)子查询 。
-
子查询从数据表中查询了数据结果,如果这个数据结果只执行一次,然后这个数据结果作为主查询的条件进行执行,那么这样的子查询叫做不相关子查询。
-
同样,如果子查询需要执行多次,即采用循环的方式,先从外部查询开始,每次都传入子查询进行查询,然后再将结果反馈给外部,这种嵌套的执行方式就称为相关子查询。
-
单行子查询
单行比较操作符
操作符 | 含义 |
---|---|
= | equal to |
> | greater than |
>= | greater than or equal to |
< | less than |
<= | less than or equal to |
<> | not eq |
单行子查询,也就是,内部查询的结果是唯一的
代码示例
题目:查询工资大于149号员工工资的员工的信息
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE salary > (SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = 149
)
题目:返回job_id与141号员工相同,salary比143号员工多的员工姓名,job_id和工资
SELECT job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary > (
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = 143
)
AND job_id = (
SELECT job_id
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = 141
)
题目:返回公司工资最少的员工的last_name,job_id和salary
SELECT last_name,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary <= (
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
)
题目:查询与141号或174号员工的manager_id和department_id相同的其他员工的employee_id,manager_id,department_id
SELECT employee_id, manager_id, department_id
FROM employees
WHERE manager_id = (
SELECT manager_id
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = 141
)
AND department_id = (
SELECT department_id
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = 141
)
AND employee_id <> 141
#成对比较
SELECT employee_id, manager_id, department_id
FROM employees
WHERE (manager_id, department_id) =(
SELECT manager_id, department_id
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = 141
)
AND employee_id <> 141;
HAVING 中的子查询
- 首先执行子查询。
- 向主查询中的HAVING 子句返回结果。
题目:查询最低工资大于50号部门最低工资的部门id和其最低工资
SELECT department_id,MIN(salary)
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING MIN(salary) > (
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = 50
)
CASE中的子查询
题目:显式员工的employee_id,last_name和location。其中,若员工department_id与location_id为1800的department_id相同,则location为’Canada’,其余则为’USA’
SELECT employee_id,last_name,
(CASE department_id
WHEN (SELECT department_id FROM departments WHERE location_id = 1800) THEN 'Canada'
ELSE 'USA'
END
)location
FROM employees
子查询中的空值问题
#空值问题
SELECT last_name, job_id
FROM employees
WHERE job_id =(
SELECT job_id
FROM employees
WHERE last_name = 'Haas'
);
子查询不返回任何行
非法使用子查询
SELECT employee_id, last_name
FROM employees
WHERE salary =
( SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
);
多行子查询使用单行比较符
多行子查询
- 也称为集合比较子查询
- 内查询返回多行
- 使用多行比较操作符
多行比较操作符
操作符 | 含义 |
---|---|
IN | 等于列表中的任意一个 |
ANY | 需要和单行比较操作符一起使用,和子查询返回的某一个值比较 |
ALL | 需要和单行比较操作符一起使用,和子查询返回的所有值比较 |
SOME | 实际上是ANY的别名,作用相同,一般常使用ANY |
代码示例
题目:返回其它job_id中比job_id为‘IT_PROG’部门任一工资低的员工的员工号、姓名、job_id 以及salary
SELECT employee_id,last_name,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary < ANY
(
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG'
)
AND job_id <> 'IT_PROG'
题目:返回其它job_id中比job_id为‘IT_PROG’部门所有工资都低的员工的员工号、姓名、job_id以及salary
SELECT employee_id,last_name,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary < all
(
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG'
)
AND job_id <> 'IT_PROG'
题目:查询平均工资最低的部门id
SELECT department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING AVG(salary) <= ALL (
SELECT AVG(salary)
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
)
#方式2:
SELECT department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING AVG(salary) = (
SELECT MIN(avg_sal)
FROM (
SELECT AVG(salary) avg_sal
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
) dept_avg_sal
)
空值问题
SELECT last_name
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id NOT IN (
SELECT manager_id
FROM employees
);
相关子查询
如果子查询的执行依赖于外部查询,通常情况下都是因为子查询中的表用到了外部的表,并进行了条件关联,因此每执行一次外部查询,子查询都要重新计算一次,这样的子查询就称之为 关联子查询 。相关子查询按照一行接一行的顺序执行,主查询的每一行都执行一次子查询。
![image-20230924221804718](初级篇—第五章子查询.assets/202309242218483.png)
代码示例
题目:查询员工中工资大于本部门平均工资的员工的last_name,salary和其department_id
#方式一:相关子查询
SELECT t1.last_name,t1.salary,t1.department_id
FROM employees t1
WHERE salary > (
SELECT mIN(salary)
FROM employees t2
WHERE t2.department_id = t1.department_id
)
#方式二:在 FROM 中使用子查询
SELECT last_name,salary,e1.department_id
FROM employees e1,(SELECT department_id,AVG(salary) dept_avg_sal FROM employees GROUP BY department_id) e2
WHERE e1.`department_id` = e2.department_id
AND e2.dept_avg_sal < e1.`salary`;
题目:若employees表中employee_id与job_history表中employee_id相同的数目不小于2,输出这些相同id的员工的employee_id,last_name和其job_id
SELECT employee_id,last_name,job_id
FROM employees t1
WHERE 2 <= ( SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM job_history t2
WHERE t1.employee_id = t2.employee_id
)
在ORDER BY 中使用子查询
题目:查询员工的id,salary,按照department_name 排序
SELECT employee_id,salary
FROM employees t1
ORDER BY (
SELECT department_name
FROM `departments` t2
WHERE t2.`department_id` = t1.`department_id`
) ASC
EXISTS 与 NOT EXISTS关键字
关联子查询通常也会和 EXISTS操作符一起来使用,用来检查在子查询中是否存在满足条件的行。
如果在子查询中不存在满足条件的行:
- 条件返回 FALSE
- 继续在子查询中查找
如果在子查询中存在满足条件的行:
- 不在子查询中继续查找
- 条件返回 TRUE
NOT EXISTS关键字表示如果不存在某种条件,则返回TRUE,否则返回FALSE。
题目:查询公司管理者的employee_id,last_name,job_id,department_id信息
#使用非关联子查询
SELECT employee_id,last_name,job_id,department_id
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id IN (
SELECT DISTINCT manager_id
FROM employees
)
#自连接
SELECT DISTINCT e1.employee_id, e1.last_name, e1.job_id, e1.department_id
FROM employees e1 JOIN employees e2
WHERE e1.employee_id = e2.manager_id;
#使用EXISTS操作符
SELECT employee_id,last_name,job_id,department_id
FROM employees t1
WHERE EXISTS (SELECT 'A'
FROM employees t2
WHERE t1.`employee_id` = t2.`manager_id` )
- 第一种写法in,执行过程中只有两次查询,先进行内部查询,然后根据内部查询的结果筛选外部条件,子查询会缓存到内存中,适合于子查询结果较小的情况,效率比较高,但是需要使用内存空间
- 第三种exists,比较耗时,每次都是从外部查询中取出记录和内部查询匹配,内部的查询不会产生临时表,不耗费内存空间,适合于内部查询较大,且内存放不下的情况
题目:查询departments表中,不存在于employees表中的部门的department_id和department_name
SELECT department_id,department_name
FROM departments d1
WHERE NOT EXISTS (
SELECT 'A'
FROM employees t1
WHERE d1.department_id = t1.`department_id`
)
相关更新
UPDATE table1 alias1
SET column = (
SELECT expression
FROM table2 alias2
WHERE alias1.column = alias2.column
);
使用相关子查询依据一个表中的数据更新另一个表的数据。
题目:在employees中增加一个department_name字段,数据为员工对应的部门名称
ALTER TABLE employees
ADD(department_name VARCHAR(14));
UPDATE employees e1
SET department_name = ( SELECT department_name
FROM departments d1
WHERE e1.department_id = d1.department_id )
相关删除
DELETE FROM table1 alias1
WHERE column operator (SELECT expression
FROM table2 alias2
WHERE alias1.column = alias2.column);
题目:删除表employees中,其与emp_history表皆有的数据
DELETE FROM employees e
WHERE employee_id in(
SELECT employee_id
FROM emp_history
WHERE employee_id = e.employee_id
);
思考题
问题:谁的工资比Abel的高?
#方式1:自连接
SELECT e2.last_name,e2.salary
FROM employees e1,employees e2
WHERE e1.last_name = 'Abel'
AND e1.`salary` < e2.`salary
#方式2:子查询
SELECT last_name,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary > (
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE last_name = 'Abel'
);
问题:以上两种方式有好坏之分吗?
解答:自连接方式好!
题目中可以使用子查询,也可以使用自连接。一般情况建议你使用自连接,因为在许多 DBMS 的处理过程中,对于自连接的处理速度要比子查询快得多。
可以这样理解:子查询实际上是通过未知表进行查询后的条件判断,而自连接是通过已知的自身数据表进行条件判断,因此在大部分 DBMS 中都对自连接处理进行了优化。
练习
#1.查询和Zlotkey相同部门的员工姓名和工资
SELECT last_name,salary
FROM `employees`
WHERE department_id = (
SELECT department_id
FROM employees
WHERE last_name = 'Zlotkey'
)
#2.查询工资比公司平均工资高的员工的员工号,姓名和工资。
SELECT last_name,salary,employee_id
from `employees`
where salary > (
select avg(salary)
from `employees`
)
#3.选择工资大于所有JOB_ID = 'SA_MAN'的员工的工资的员工的last_name, job_id, salary
SELECT last_name, job_id, salary
FROM `employees`
WHERE salary > ALL (
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE JOB_ID = 'SA_MAN'
)
#4.查询和姓名中包含字母u的员工在相同部门的员工的员工号和姓名
SELECT last_name,employee_id
FROM `employees`
WHERE department_id IN (
SELECT department_id
FROM employees
WHERE last_name LIKE '%u%'
)
SELECT last_name,employee_id
FROM `employees`
WHERE department_id = any (
SELECT department_id
FROM employees
WHERE last_name LIKE '%u%'
)
#5.查询在部门的location_id为1700的部门工作的员工的员工号
SELECT employee_id
FROM employees
WHERE department_id IN (
SELECT department_id
FROM departments
WHERE location_id = 1700
)
#6.查询管理者是King的员工姓名和工资
SELECT last_name,salary
FROM employees
WHERE manager_id = ANY (
SELECT employee_id
FROM employees
WHERE last_name = 'King'
)
#7.查询工资最低的员工信息: last_name, salary
SELECT last_name,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary <= (
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
)
#8.查询平均工资最低的部门信息
SELECT *
FROM departments
WHERE department_id = (
SELECT department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING AVG(salary) <= ALL (
SELECT AVG(salary)
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
)
)
SELECT *
FROM departments
WHERE department_id = (
SELECT department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING AVG(salary) = (
SELECT MIN(dept_avgsal)
FROM (
SELECT AVG(salary) dept_avgsal
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
) avg_sal
)
);
SELECT *
FROM departments
WHERE department_id = (
SELECT department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING AVG(salary) = (
SELECT AVG(salary) avg_sal
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
ORDER BY avg_sal
LIMIT 0,1
)
)
SELECT d.*
FROM departments d,(
SELECT department_id,AVG(salary) avg_sal
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
ORDER BY avg_sal
LIMIT 0,1) dept_avg_sal
WHERE d.department_id = dept_avg_sal.department_id
#9.查询平均工资最低的部门信息和该部门的平均工资(相关子查询)
SELECT d.*, (SELECT AVG(salary) FROM employees WHERE department_id = d.department_id ) minavg
FROM departments AS d
HAVING d.department_id = (
SELECT department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING AVG(salary) <= ALL (
SELECT AVG(salary)
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
)
)
SELECT d.*,dept_avg_sal.avg_sal
FROM departments d,(
SELECT department_id,AVG(salary) avg_sal
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
ORDER BY avg_sal
LIMIT 0,1) dept_avg_sal
WHERE d.department_id = dept_avg_sal.department_id
#10.查询平均工资最高的 job 信息
SELECT *
FROM jobs
WHERE job_id = (
SELECT job_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY job_id
HAVING AVG(salary) >= ALL(
SELECT AVG(salary)
FROM employees
GROUP BY job_id
)
)
SELECT j.*
FROM jobs j,(
SELECT job_id,AVG(salary) avg_sal
FROM employees
GROUP BY job_id
ORDER BY avg_sal DESC
LIMIT 0,1 ) job_avg_sal
WHERE j.job_id = job_avg_sal.job_id
#11.查询平均工资高于公司平均工资的部门有哪些?
SELECT *
FROM departments
WHERE department_id IS NOT NULL
AND department_id IN (
SELECT department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING AVG(salary) >(
SELECT AVG(salary)
FROM employees
)
)
SELECT department_id
FROM employees
WHERE department_id IS NOT NULL
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING AVG(salary) > (
SELECT AVG(salary)
FROM employees
);
#12.查询出公司中所有 manager 的详细信息
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id IN (
SELECT DISTINCT manager_id
FROM employees
WHERE manager_id IS NOT NULL
)
#自连接
SELECT DISTINCT e1.employee_id, e1.last_name, e1.salary
FROM employees e1 JOIN employees e2
WHERE e1.employee_id = e2.manager_id;
#exist
SELECT *
FROM employees e
WHERE EXISTS (
SELECT 'A'
FROM employees
WHERE manager_id = e.`employee_id`
)
#13.各个部门中 最高工资中最低的那个部门的 最低工资是多少?
select min(salary)
from employees
where department_id = (
select department_id
from employees
group by department_id
order by Max(salary)
limit 0,1
)
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = (
SELECT department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING MAX(salary) = (
SELECT MIN(max_sal)
FROM (
SELECT MAX(salary) max_sal
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
) dept_max_sal
)
);
SELECT employee_id,MIN(salary)
FROM employees e,
(
SELECT department_id,MAX(salary) max_sal
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
ORDER BY max_sal
LIMIT 0,1
) dept_max_sal
WHERE e.department_id = dept_max_sal.department_id
#14.查询平均工资最高的部门的 manager 的详细信息: last_name, department_id, email, salary
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = (
SELECT manager_id
FROM departments
WHERE department_id = (
SELECT department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING AVG(salary) >= ALL (
SELECT AVG(salary)
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
)
)
)
#15. 查询部门的部门号,其中不包括job_id是"ST_CLERK"的部门号
SELECT department_id
FROM departments d
WHERE department_id NOT IN (
SELECT DISTINCT department_id
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = 'ST_CLERK'
);
SELECT department_id
FROM departments d
WHERE NOT EXISTS (
SELECT *
FROM employees e
WHERE d.`department_id` = e.`department_id`
AND job_id = 'ST_CLERK'
)
#16. 选择所有没有管理者的员工的last_name
select last_name
from employees
where employee_id in (
select employee_id
from employees
where manager_id is null
)
SELECT last_name
FROM employees e1
WHERE NOT EXISTS (
SELECT *
FROM employees e2
WHERE e1.manager_id = e2.employee_id
);
#17.查询员工号、姓名、雇用时间、工资,其中员工的管理者为 'De Haan'
SELECT employee_id, last_name, hire_date, salary
FROM employees
WHERE manager_id = (
SELECT employee_id
FROM employees
WHERE last_name = 'De Haan'
)
SELECT employee_id, last_name, hire_date, salary
FROM employees e1
WHERE EXISTS (
SELECT *
FROM employees e2
WHERE e1.manager_id = e2.`employee_id`
AND e2.`last_name` = 'De Haan'
)
#18.查询各部门中工资比本部门平均工资高的员工的员工号, 姓名和工资(相关子查询)
SELECT e1.employee_id, e1.last_name, e1.salary
FROM employees e1
WHERE salary > (
SELECT AVG(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE manager_id = e1.manager_id
)
#方式二:
SELECT employee_id,last_name,salary
FROM employees e1,
( SELECT department_id,AVG(salary) avg_sal
FROM employees e2 GROUP BY department_id
) dept_avg_sal
WHERE e1.`department_id` = dept_avg_sal.department_id
AND e1.`salary` > dept_avg_sal.avg_sal;
#19.查询每个部门下的部门人数大于 5 的部门名称(相关子查询)
SELECT department_name,department_id
FROM departments d
WHERE 5 < (
SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM employees e
WHERE d.`department_id` = e.`department_id`
);
#20.查询每个国家下的部门个数大于 2 的国家编号(相关子查询)
SELECT country_id
FROM locations l
WHERE 2 < (
SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM departments d
WHERE l.`location_id` = d.`location_id`
);