一、浅拷贝
1.1 特点
- 基本数据类型字段的拷贝:值被复制,新对象和原对象的字段在内存中是不同的
- 引用类型字段的拷贝:对于引用类型,它们的引用被复制,他们指向同一个内存空间,是同一份数据。
注意:当引用类型字段发生改变时,不可变引用类型和可变引用类型是不同的,前者是线程安全的,后者是线程不安全的:- 如:因为 String 是不可变的,当新对象的String 类型字段 发生变化时,但是原对象的同一String 字段不变。这是因为新对象的String 字段只是指向另一个内存堆空间。如 String a = “123”; String b = a; a = “456”; a 指向的新的内存空间,并不是将“123”所在空间的值改为“456”,这是String 底层使用不可变数组导致的。a 的 改变不会引起b的改变,因此String 是线程安全的
1.2 代码实现
- 通过构造函数 传递对象 实现浅拷贝 不可变引用类型
class Person {
private String name;
private int age;
// Constructor
public Person(String name, int age) {
this.name = name;
this.age = age;
}
// Copy constructor for shallow copy
public Person(Person other) {
this.name = other.name; // Assigning reference of other.name to this.name
this.age = other.age;
}
// Getters and Setters
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public int getAge() {
return age;
}
public void setAge(int age) {
this.age = age;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Person original = new Person("John", 30);
Person copy = new Person(original);
System.out.println(original.name == copy.name);
// 改变 拷贝对象的 引用类型字段的值
copy.setName("Doe");
System.out.println(original.name == copy.name);
}
}
true
false
分析:对象original 和 copy 的name 字段通过引用赋值,实现浅拷贝,两个对象的name 引用指向同一内存空间。当修改copy 的name 的值后,两者本应该还是指向同一个内存空间,但是实际却不是。这是因为name 是String 类型,String 不可变,给copy 的name 赋 新的值,实际上是开辟了新的内存空间,copy 的name 指向这一个新空间,而 original 还是指向原来那个空间,那个空间的值没变,也不可变。
修改基本类型的值:
public static void main(String[] args) {
Person original = new Person("John", 30);
Person copy = new Person(original);
System.out.println("original: " + original.toString());
System.out.println("copy: " + copy.toString());
// 改变 拷贝对象的 引用类型字段的值
copy.setAge(5);
System.out.println("-------------改变copy 的基本类型 值后:-----------------");
System.out.println("original: " + original.toString());
System.out.println("copy: " + copy.toString());
}
运行结果:说明基本类型浅拷贝,不是同一份
original: Person{name='John', age=30}
copy: Person{name='John', age=30}
-------------改变copy 的基本类型 值后:-----------------
original: Person{name='John', age=30}
copy: Person{name='John', age=5}
- 通过构造函数 传递对象 实现浅拷贝 可变引用类型
class Person {
private List<String> hobbies;
private int age;
// Constructor
public Person(List<String> hobbies, int age) {
this.hobbies = hobbies;
this.age = age;
}
// Copy constructor for shallow copy
public Person(Person other) {
this.hobbies = other.hobbies; // Reference copy for List (mutable)
this.age = other.age; // Value copy for int (primitive)
}
// Getters and Setters
public List<String> getHobbies() {
return hobbies;
}
public void setHobbies(List<String> hobbies) {
this.hobbies = hobbies;
}
public int getAge() {
return age;
}
public void setAge(int age) {
this.age = age;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Person{hobbies=" + hobbies + ", age=" + age + "}";
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
List<String> hobbies = new ArrayList<>();
hobbies.add("Reading");
hobbies.add("Swimming");
Person original = new Person(hobbies, 30);
Person copy = new Person(original);
System.out.println("Original: " + original);
System.out.println("Copy: " + copy);
// Modify the hobbies list of the copy
copy.getHobbies().add("Cycling");
System.out.println("==============copy.getHobbies().add(\"Cycling\")之后: ==============");
System.out.println("Original: " + original);
System.out.println("Copy: " + copy);
}
}
Original: Person{hobbies=[Reading, Swimming], age=30}
Copy: Person{hobbies=[Reading, Swimming], age=30}
==============copy.getHobbies().add("Cycling")之后: ==============
Original: Person{hobbies=[Reading, Swimming, Cycling], age=30}
Copy: Person{hobbies=[Reading, Swimming, Cycling], age=30}
分析:两个 对象的 List 类引用 始终指向同一个内存空间。copy 的操作list ,list 指向的空间的值发生了改变,两个仍然指向同一个内存空间,获取到的值一样
修改基本类型字段的值: 基本类型经浅拷贝,两个对象各有一份,基本类型字段所在内存空间不相同
public static void main(String[] args) {
List<String> hobbies = new ArrayList<>();
hobbies.add("Reading");
hobbies.add("Swimming");
Person original = new Person(hobbies, 30);
Person copy = new Person(original);
System.out.println("Original: " + original);
System.out.println("Copy: " + copy);
copy.setAge(5);
System.out.println("==============copy.getHobbies().add(\"Cycling\")之后: ==============");
System.out.println("Original: " + original);
System.out.println("Copy: " + copy);
}
Original: Person{hobbies=[Reading, Swimming], age=30}
Copy: Person{hobbies=[Reading, Swimming], age=30}
==============copy.getHobbies().add("Cycling")之后: ==============
Original: Person{hobbies=[Reading, Swimming], age=30}
Copy: Person{hobbies=[Reading, Swimming], age=5}
- 通过 实现Cloneable接口,重写clone 方法,实现浅拷贝
package com.binbin.copy;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
class Person implements Cloneable{
private List<String> hobbies;
private int age;
// Constructor
public Person(List<String> hobbies, int age) {
this.hobbies = hobbies;
this.age = age;
}
// Copy constructor for shallow copy
public Person(Person other) {
this.hobbies = other.hobbies; // Reference copy for List (mutable)
this.age = other.age; // Value copy for int (primitive)
}
// Getters and Setters
public List<String> getHobbies() {
return hobbies;
}
public void setHobbies(List<String> hobbies) {
this.hobbies = hobbies;
}
public int getAge() {
return age;
}
public void setAge(int age) {
this.age = age;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Person{hobbies=" + hobbies + ", age=" + age + "}";
}
@Override
public Person clone() {
try {
Person clone = (Person) super.clone();
// TODO: copy mutable state here, so the clone can't change the internals of the original
return clone;
} catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) {
throw new AssertionError();
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
List<String> hobbies = new ArrayList<>();
hobbies.add("Reading");
hobbies.add("Swimming");
Person original = new Person(hobbies, 30);
Person copy = new Person(original);
System.out.println("Original: " + original);
System.out.println("Copy: " + copy);
copy.getHobbies().add("cycle");
System.out.println("==============copy.getHobbies().add(\"Cycling\")之后: ==============");
System.out.println("Original: " + original);
System.out.println("Copy: " + copy);
}
}
二、深拷贝
2.1 特点
- 在 Java 中是指创建一个新对象,同时递归地复制所有引用类型的字段,这样使得新对象完全独立于原对象。新对象的引用类型字段指向新的的内存空间,基本类型字段也是新的内存空间
- 代码实现
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
class Person {
private List<String> hobbies;
private int age;
// Constructor
public Person(List<String> hobbies, int age) {
this.hobbies = new ArrayList<>(hobbies); // Ensure independent copy for constructor
this.age = age;
}
// Deep copy method
public Person deepCopy() {
List<String> copiedHobbies = new ArrayList<>(this.hobbies);
return new Person(copiedHobbies, this.age);
}
// Getters and Setters
public List<String> getHobbies() {
return hobbies;
}
public void setHobbies(List<String> hobbies) {
this.hobbies = hobbies;
}
public int getAge() {
return age;
}
public void setAge(int age) {
this.age = age;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Person{hobbies=" + hobbies + ", age=" + age + "}";
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
List<String> hobbies = new ArrayList<>();
hobbies.add("Reading");
hobbies.add("Swimming");
Person original = new Person(hobbies, 30);
Person copy = original.deepCopy();
System.out.println("Original: " + original);
System.out.println("Copy: " + copy);
// Modify the age of the copy
copy.setAge(35);
// Modify the hobbies list of the copy
copy.getHobbies().add("Cycling");
System.out.println("After modifications:");
System.out.println("Original: " + original);
System.out.println("Copy: " + copy);
}
}
Original: Person{hobbies=[Reading, Swimming], age=30}
Copy: Person{hobbies=[Reading, Swimming], age=30}
After modifications:
Original: Person{hobbies=[Reading, Swimming], age=30}
Copy: Person{hobbies=[Reading, Swimming, Cycling], age=35}
分析:original 和 copy 的 hobbies 指向不同内存间,copy的hobbies 修改 不影响 original 的hobbies
三、总结
- 深拷贝和浅拷贝的区别:深拷贝把给引用类型字段申请新的内存空间,并将原对象的数据复制到新的对象的空间中。浅拷贝只是引用赋值,还是指向同一内存空间
- 浅拷贝还要考虑 可变引用类型字段 和 不可变引用类型字段
- 浅拷贝可以实现Cloneable接口,重写clone 方法实现浅拷贝
- 深拷贝的浅拷贝的基本类型字段拷贝时,都会创建新的空间