STM32单片机 超入门项目：流水灯（不同闪烁模式和速度）

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前言

流水灯通过交替闪烁实现灯光流动的效果，本篇将分析如何采用STM32单片机实现流水灯。

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一、电路原理图

二、硬件准备

STM32单片机（STM32F103RCT6）、发光二极管4（我用的是七彩快闪，用红绿蓝LDE自行搭配也可）、1k电阻4、面包板飞线等自备。

三、单片机配置

打开STM32CubeMX，选择型号STM32F103RCT6，配置调试器Pinout&Configuration->SYS->No Debug换为Serial Wire，如果不替换第一次烧录后会屏蔽烧录功能。
设置时钟源Pinout&Configuration->RCC->HSE Disable换为Crystal/Ceramic Resonator。
配置时钟树，Clock Configuration->HCLK设置为72MHz，回车，点击OK令CubeMX自动调整配置。
配置引脚，见下图，点击引脚即可配置，我们只需配置PA1 ~ PA4，PC12，PC13引脚，其余是上述步骤自动配置的。注意，我的最小系统板PC12，PC13接的是按键，可根据自己的系统板原理图自行调整引脚，并修改代码。PA1 ~ PA4均为推挽输出（默认）不用更改，推挽输出和开漏输出的区别参考这篇博客。
使能中断Pinout&Configuration->NVIC->EXTI那一行勾上。
最后使用Keil IDE的话Project Manager->Toolchain IDE改为MDK_ARM，其他IDE自行更改，Project Manager->Project Name输入工程名，点击右上角生成代码。

我的stm32最小系统板原理图如下，注意按键对应的引脚

四、代码编写

/* USER CODE BEGIN Header */
/**
  ******************************************************************************
  * @file           : main.c
  * @brief          : Main program body
  ******************************************************************************
  * @attention
  *
  * Copyright (c) 2023 STMicroelectronics.
  * All rights reserved.
  *
  * This software is licensed under terms that can be found in the LICENSE file
  * in the root directory of this software component.
  * If no LICENSE file comes with this software, it is provided AS-IS.
  *
  ******************************************************************************
  */
/* USER CODE END Header */
/* Includes ------------------------------------------------------------------*/
#include "main.h"

/* Private includes ----------------------------------------------------------*/
/* USER CODE BEGIN Includes */

/* USER CODE END Includes */

/* Private typedef -----------------------------------------------------------*/
/* USER CODE BEGIN PTD */

/* USER CODE END PTD */

/* Private define ------------------------------------------------------------*/
/* USER CODE BEGIN PD */
/* USER CODE END PD */

/* Private macro -------------------------------------------------------------*/
/* USER CODE BEGIN PM */

/* USER CODE END PM */

/* Private variables ---------------------------------------------------------*/

/* USER CODE BEGIN PV */

/* USER CODE END PV */

/* Private function prototypes -----------------------------------------------*/
void SystemClock_Config(void);
static void MX_GPIO_Init(void);
/* USER CODE BEGIN PFP */

/* USER CODE END PFP */

/* Private user code ---------------------------------------------------------*/
/* USER CODE BEGIN 0 */
uint8_t mode=0,speed=0,flag=0;
uint16_t delay_time=0;
void light(uint16_t,uint16_t,uint16_t,uint16_t);
/* USER CODE END 0 */

/**
  * @brief  The application entry point.
  * @retval int
  */
int main(void)
{
  /* USER CODE BEGIN 1 */

  /* USER CODE END 1 */

  /* MCU Configuration--------------------------------------------------------*/

  /* Reset of all peripherals, Initializes the Flash interface and the Systick. */
  HAL_Init();

  /* USER CODE BEGIN Init */

  /* USER CODE END Init */

  /* Configure the system clock */
  SystemClock_Config();

  /* USER CODE BEGIN SysInit */

  /* USER CODE END SysInit */

  /* Initialize all configured peripherals */
  MX_GPIO_Init();
  /* USER CODE BEGIN 2 */

  /* USER CODE END 2 */

  /* Infinite loop */
  /* USER CODE BEGIN WHILE */
  while (1)
  {
    /* USER CODE END WHILE */

    /* USER CODE BEGIN 3 */
		//设置延时时间
		switch(speed)
		{
			case 0:delay_time=100;break;
			case 1:delay_time=1000;break;
			case 2:delay_time=2000;break;
		}
		switch(mode)
		{
			case 0://四个灯依次点亮
			{
				light(GPIO_PIN_RESET,GPIO_PIN_SET,GPIO_PIN_SET,GPIO_PIN_SET);
				if(flag==1) {flag=0;break;}HAL_Delay(delay_time);
				light(GPIO_PIN_SET,GPIO_PIN_RESET,GPIO_PIN_SET,GPIO_PIN_SET);
				if(flag==1) {flag=0;break;}HAL_Delay(delay_time);
				light(GPIO_PIN_SET,GPIO_PIN_SET,GPIO_PIN_RESET,GPIO_PIN_SET);
				if(flag==1) {flag=0;break;}HAL_Delay(delay_time);
				light(GPIO_PIN_SET,GPIO_PIN_SET,GPIO_PIN_SET,GPIO_PIN_RESET);
				if(flag==1) {flag=0;break;}HAL_Delay(delay_time);
				break;
			}
			case 1://四个灯两两点亮
			{
				light(GPIO_PIN_RESET,GPIO_PIN_RESET,GPIO_PIN_SET,GPIO_PIN_SET);
				if(flag==1) {flag=0;break;}HAL_Delay(delay_time);
				light(GPIO_PIN_SET,GPIO_PIN_SET,GPIO_PIN_RESET,GPIO_PIN_RESET);
				if(flag==1) {flag=0;break;}HAL_Delay(delay_time);
				break;
			}
			case 2://四个灯同时亮灭
			{
				light(GPIO_PIN_RESET,GPIO_PIN_RESET,GPIO_PIN_RESET,GPIO_PIN_RESET);
				if(flag==1) {flag=0;break;}HAL_Delay(delay_time);
				light(GPIO_PIN_SET,GPIO_PIN_SET,GPIO_PIN_SET,GPIO_PIN_SET);
				if(flag==1) {flag=0;break;}HAL_Delay(delay_time);
				break;
			}
		}
  }
  /* USER CODE END 3 */
}

/**
  * @brief System Clock Configuration
  * @retval None
  */
void SystemClock_Config(void)
{
  RCC_OscInitTypeDef RCC_OscInitStruct = {0};
  RCC_ClkInitTypeDef RCC_ClkInitStruct = {0};

  /** Initializes the RCC Oscillators according to the specified parameters
  * in the RCC_OscInitTypeDef structure.
  */
  RCC_OscInitStruct.OscillatorType = RCC_OSCILLATORTYPE_HSE;
  RCC_OscInitStruct.HSEState = RCC_HSE_ON;
  RCC_OscInitStruct.HSEPredivValue = RCC_HSE_PREDIV_DIV1;
  RCC_OscInitStruct.HSIState = RCC_HSI_ON;
  RCC_OscInitStruct.PLL.PLLState = RCC_PLL_ON;
  RCC_OscInitStruct.PLL.PLLSource = RCC_PLLSOURCE_HSE;
  RCC_OscInitStruct.PLL.PLLMUL = RCC_PLL_MUL9;
  if (HAL_RCC_OscConfig(&RCC_OscInitStruct) != HAL_OK)
  {
    Error_Handler();
  }

  /** Initializes the CPU, AHB and APB buses clocks
  */
  RCC_ClkInitStruct.ClockType = RCC_CLOCKTYPE_HCLK|RCC_CLOCKTYPE_SYSCLK
                              |RCC_CLOCKTYPE_PCLK1|RCC_CLOCKTYPE_PCLK2;
  RCC_ClkInitStruct.SYSCLKSource = RCC_SYSCLKSOURCE_PLLCLK;
  RCC_ClkInitStruct.AHBCLKDivider = RCC_SYSCLK_DIV1;
  RCC_ClkInitStruct.APB1CLKDivider = RCC_HCLK_DIV2;
  RCC_ClkInitStruct.APB2CLKDivider = RCC_HCLK_DIV1;

  if (HAL_RCC_ClockConfig(&RCC_ClkInitStruct, FLASH_LATENCY_2) != HAL_OK)
  {
    Error_Handler();
  }
}

/**
  * @brief GPIO Initialization Function
  * @param None
  * @retval None
  */
static void MX_GPIO_Init(void)
{
  GPIO_InitTypeDef GPIO_InitStruct = {0};

  /* GPIO Ports Clock Enable */
  __HAL_RCC_GPIOC_CLK_ENABLE();
  __HAL_RCC_GPIOD_CLK_ENABLE();
  __HAL_RCC_GPIOA_CLK_ENABLE();

  /*Configure GPIO pin Output Level */
  HAL_GPIO_WritePin(GPIOA, GPIO_PIN_1|GPIO_PIN_2|GPIO_PIN_3|GPIO_PIN_4, GPIO_PIN_RESET);

  /*Configure GPIO pins : PC13 PC12 */
  GPIO_InitStruct.Pin = GPIO_PIN_13|GPIO_PIN_12;
  GPIO_InitStruct.Mode = GPIO_MODE_IT_RISING;
  GPIO_InitStruct.Pull = GPIO_NOPULL;
  HAL_GPIO_Init(GPIOC, &GPIO_InitStruct);

  /*Configure GPIO pins : PA1 PA2 PA3 PA4 */
  GPIO_InitStruct.Pin = GPIO_PIN_1|GPIO_PIN_2|GPIO_PIN_3|GPIO_PIN_4;
  GPIO_InitStruct.Mode = GPIO_MODE_OUTPUT_PP;
  GPIO_InitStruct.Pull = GPIO_NOPULL;
  GPIO_InitStruct.Speed = GPIO_SPEED_FREQ_LOW;
  HAL_GPIO_Init(GPIOA, &GPIO_InitStruct);

  /* EXTI interrupt init*/
  HAL_NVIC_SetPriority(EXTI15_10_IRQn, 0, 0);
  HAL_NVIC_EnableIRQ(EXTI15_10_IRQn);

}

/* USER CODE BEGIN 4 */
//按键，外部中断
void HAL_GPIO_EXTI_Callback(uint16_t GPIO_Pin)
{
	if(GPIO_Pin==GPIO_PIN_13)
	{
		mode=(mode+1)%3;
		flag=1;
	}
	else if(GPIO_Pin==GPIO_PIN_12)
	{
		speed=(speed+1)%3;
		flag=1;
	}
}

//点灯
void light(uint16_t s1,uint16_t s2,uint16_t s3,uint16_t s4)
{
	HAL_GPIO_WritePin(GPIOA,GPIO_PIN_1,s1);
	HAL_GPIO_WritePin(GPIOA,GPIO_PIN_2,s2);
	HAL_GPIO_WritePin(GPIOA,GPIO_PIN_3,s3);
	HAL_GPIO_WritePin(GPIOA,GPIO_PIN_4,s4);
}
/* USER CODE END 4 */

/**
  * @brief  This function is executed in case of error occurrence.
  * @retval None
  */
void Error_Handler(void)
{
  /* USER CODE BEGIN Error_Handler_Debug */
  /* User can add his own implementation to report the HAL error return state */
  __disable_irq();
  while (1)
  {
  }
  /* USER CODE END Error_Handler_Debug */
}

#ifdef  USE_FULL_ASSERT
/**
  * @brief  Reports the name of the source file and the source line number
  *         where the assert_param error has occurred.
  * @param  file: pointer to the source file name
  * @param  line: assert_param error line source number
  * @retval None
  */
void assert_failed(uint8_t *file, uint32_t line)
{
  /* USER CODE BEGIN 6 */
  /* User can add his own implementation to report the file name and line number,
     ex: printf("Wrong parameters value: file %s on line %d\r\n", file, line) */
  /* USER CODE END 6 */
}
#endif /* USE_FULL_ASSERT */

user code 0、while(1)、user code4为编写代码部分，代码整体思路：
通过外部中断，在按键按下时单片机将执行相应中断回调函数（改变流水灯模式mode和速度speed），这里模式和速度我各设置了三种，所以回调函数中mode=(mode+1)%3不难理解哈~另外点灯这一步我是在while(1)里面实现的，回调函数中不易写太多代码。外部中断参考这篇博客。

由于按下按键要等这一轮流水灯结束才能生效，我在代码中加入了if(flag==1) {flag=0;break;}来提前结束这一轮while循环，就可以即时生效了。

另外注意的一点是我的系统板按键并联了电容防抖，如果没有则需代码解决，参考这篇博客。