Linux系统编程–网络编程
1.网络编程概述
管道(父子进程)、消息队列(内核经营消息队列)、共享内存(创建一个空间)、信号(通过pid号通信)、信号量(对临界资源,共享内存做P、V控制) 。
特点:依赖于Linux内核 A B两个通信基于内核。缺陷:无法多机通信 (不适用与两台不同的电脑)
网络编程:
- IP地址
- 端口号
协议(数据格式)(类似串口协议):TCP/UDP/THHP
Socket (套接字) :
- TCP:面向连接 (做精细操作使用) (可靠) (A,B两人打电话)
- UDP:面向报文 (用大量数据使用)(不可靠) (A,B两人发短信)
TCP和UDP对比:
-
TCP面向连接(如打电话要先拨号建立连接);UDP是无连接的,即发送数据之前 不需 要建立连接
-
TCP提供可靠的服务。也就是说,通过TCP连接传送的数据,无差错,不丢失,不重复,且按序到达;UDP尽最大努力交付,即不保证可靠交付
-
TCP面向字节流,实际上是TCP把数据看成一连串无结构的字节流;UDP是面向报文的UDP没有拥塞控制,因此网络出现拥塞不会使源主机的发送速率降低(对实时应用很有用,如IP电话,实时视频会议等)
-
每一条TCP连接只能是点到点的;UDP支持一对一,一对多,多对一和多对多的交互通信
-
TCP首部开销20字节;UDP的首部开销小,只有8个字节
-
TCP的逻辑通信信道是全双工的可靠信道,UDP则是不可靠信道
端口号的作用
一台拥有IP地址的主机可以提供许多服务,比如Web服务、FTP服务、SMTP服务等
这些服务完全可以通过1个IP地址来实现。那么,主机是怎样区分不同的网络服务呢?显然不能只靠IP地址,因为IP 地址与网络服务的关系是一对多的关系。
实际上是通过“IP地址+端口号”来区 分不同的服务的。
端口提供了一种访问通道,
服务器一般都是通过知名端口号来识别的。例如,对于每个TCP/IP实现来说,FTP服务器的TCP端口号都是21,每个Telnet服务器的TCP端口号都是23,每个TFTP(简单文件传送协议)服务器的UDP端口号都是69。
2.字节序
Little endian: 小端字节序
Big endian :大端字节序
网络字节序=大端字节序
3.socket编程步骤
TCP server
- socket():返回一个网络描述符(类似open返回文件描述符)
- bind() :为套接字添加信息(IP地址和端口号)
- listen():监听网络连接
- accept():监听到有客户端接入,接受一个连接
- write() & read():数据交互
- close():关闭套接字,断开连接
TCP Client
- socket()
- connect()
- write() & read()
- close()
4.Linux提供的API简析
1.创建套接字(连接协议)
scoket()函数
int socket(int domain, int type, int protocol);
// AF_INET 常用
2.绑定IP地址和端口号
bind()函数
int bind(int sockfd, const struct sockaddr *addr, socklent_t addrlen);
使用struct sockaddr_in
时需要强制转换为 (struct sockaddr *)struct sockaddr_in
地址转换API
int inet_aton(const char* straddr,struct in_addr *addrp);
//把字符串形式的“192.168.1.123”转为网络能识别的格式
char* inet_ntoa(struct in_addr inaddr);
//把网络格式的ip地址转为字符串形式
字节序转换api
#include <netinet/in.h>
uint16_t htons(uint16_t host16bitvalue); //返回网络字节序的值uint32_t htonl(uint32_t host32bitvalue); //返回网络字节序的值uint16_t ntohs(uint16_t net16bitvalue); //返回主机字节序的值uint32_t ntohl(uint32_t net32bitvalue); //返回主机字节序的值
h代表host,n代表net,s代表short(两个字节),l代表long(4个字节),通过上面的4个函数可以实现主机字节序和网络字节序之间的转换。有时可以用INADDR_ANY,INADDR_ANY指定地址让操作系统自己获取
3.监听
listen()函数
int listen(int sockfd, int backlog)// backlog :监听个数;
4.接受
accept()函数
int accept(int sockfd,struct sockaddr *addr,socklen_t -*addrlen);
没接受到数据会阻塞在这里
5.数据收发
数据收发常用第二套API:
6.客户端连接主机
connect()函数
int connect(int sockfd,const struct sockaddr *addr,socklen_t addrlen);
5.socket服务端代码实现一
在Linux系统里找 struct sockaddr_in { }结构体
-
cd /usr/include/
进入该文件
-
grep "struct sockaddr_in {" * -nir
查找" "中的内容- *:所有文件
- n:找出来显示行号
- i:区分大小写
- r:递归查找
-
vi linux/in.h +184
进入linux/in.h
文件的第184行
struct sockaddr_in {
__kernel_sa_family_t sin_family; /* Address family */
__be16 sin_port; /* Port number */
struct in_addr sin_addr; /* Internet address */
/* Pad to size of `struct sockaddr'. */
unsigned char __pad[__SOCK_SIZE__ - sizeof(short int) -
sizeof(unsigned short int) - sizeof(struct in_addr)];
};
struct in_addr {
__be32 s_addr;
};
127.0.0.1:会去获取本机IP地址
server.c
#include <stdio.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
//#include <linux/in.h>
#include <sys/types.h> /* See NOTES */
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
int main()
{
int s_fd;
int c_fd;
int c_addrlen;
struct sockaddr_in s_addr;
struct sockaddr_in c_addr;
s_addr.sin_family = AF_INET;//IPV4
s_addr.sin_port = htons(8899); //端口号 字节序转换
inet_aton("192.168.8.18",&s_addr.sin_addr);//ip地址 把字符串形式的“192.168.8.13”转为网络能识别的格式
//1.socket
//int socket(int domain,int type,int protocol);
s_fd = socket(AF_INET,SOCK_STREAM,0);//创建套接字
if(s_fd == -1){
perror("socket");
exit(-1);
}
//2.bind
//int bind(int sockfd, const struct sockaddr *addr, socklen_t addrlen);
bind(s_fd,(struct sockaddr *)&s_addr,sizeof( struct sockaddr_in));//绑定IP地址和端口号 使用 struct sockaddr_in需要强制转换
//3.listen
//int listen(int sockfd, int backlog);
listen(s_fd,10);//监听10个
//4.accept
//int accept(int sockfd,struct sockaddr *addr,socklen_t -*addrlen);
c_addrlen = sizeof(struct sockaddr_in);
c_fd = accept(s_fd,(struct sockaddr *)&c_addr,&c_addrlen);//连接,完成3次握手的,将返回的网络描述符给c_fd,接着后面的操作,避免影响s_fd继续监听
if(c_fd == -1){
perror("accpet");
}
printf("get connect:%s\n",inet_ntoa(c_addr.sin_addr)); //获得客户端IP地址
while(1);
//5.read/write
//6.close
close(s_fd);
close(c_fd);
return 0;
}
打开Windows命令提示符:win+r
输入cmd
输入ping IP地址
能ping通,接着telnet IP地址 端口号
连接成功
如果提示:
在控制面板
->系统和安全
->程序
->启动或关闭Windows功能
->勾选上Telnet 客户端
或者Telnet Client
6.socket服务端代码实现二
server2.c
#include <stdio.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
//#include <linux/in.h>
#include <sys/types.h> /* See NOTES */
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
int main()
{
int s_fd;
int c_fd;
int c_addrlen;
struct sockaddr_in s_addr;
struct sockaddr_in c_addr;
memset(&s_addr,0,sizeof( struct sockaddr_in)); //清空内容
memset(&c_addr,0,sizeof( struct sockaddr_in)); //清空内存
s_addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
s_addr.sin_port = htons(8899);
inet_aton("192.168.8.18",&s_addr.sin_addr);
//1.socket
//int socket(int domain,int type,int protocol);
s_fd = socket(AF_INET,SOCK_STREAM,0);
if(s_fd == -1){
perror("socket");
exit(-1);
}
//2.bind
//int bind(int sockfd, const struct sockaddr *addr, socklen_t addrlen);
bind(s_fd,(struct sockaddr *)&s_addr,sizeof( struct sockaddr_in));
//3.listen
//int listen(int sockfd, int backlog);
listen(s_fd,10);
//4.accept
//int accept(int sockfd,struct sockaddr *addr,socklen_t -*addrlen);
c_addrlen = sizeof(struct sockaddr_in);
c_fd = accept(s_fd,(struct sockaddr *)&c_addr,&c_addrlen);
if(c_fd == -1){
perror("accpet");
}
printf("get connect:%s\n",inet_ntoa(c_addr.sin_addr));
//5.read/write
write(c_fd,sendmessage,strlen(sendmessage));
nread = read(c_fd,readbuf,sizeof(readbuf));
if(nread == -1 ){
perror("read");
}else {
printf("client:%s,message_size:%d\n",readbuf,nread);
}
while(1);
//6.close
close(s_fd);
close(c_fd);
return 0;
}
运行结果:
7.socket客服端代码实现
old2_server.c
#include <stdio.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
//#include <linux/in.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
int main(int agrc,char **argv)
{
int s_fd;
int c_fd;
int c_addrlen;
int nread;
char readbuf[128];
char *sendmessage = "I am server!";
struct sockaddr_in s_addr;
struct sockaddr_in c_addr;
memset(&s_addr,0,sizeof(struct sockaddr_in));//清理内存
memset(&c_addr,0,sizeof(struct sockaddr_in));//清理内存
s_addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
s_addr.sin_port = htons(atoi(argv[2]));
inet_aton(argv[1],&s_addr.sin_addr);
//1.socket
s_fd = socket(AF_INET,SOCK_STREAM,0);
if(s_fd == -1){
perror("socket");
exit(-1);
}
//2.bind
if(bind(s_fd,(struct sockaddr *)&s_addr,sizeof(struct sockaddr_in)) == -1){
perror("bind");
exit(-1);
}
//3.listen
if(listen(s_fd,5) == -1){
perror("listen");
exit(-1);
}
//4.accept
c_addrlen = sizeof(struct sockaddr_in);
while(1){
c_fd = accept(s_fd,(struct sockaddr *)&c_addr,&c_addrlen); //等待接入
if(c_fd == -1){
perror("accept");
exit(-1);
}
printf("I get your IP :%s\n",inet_ntoa(c_addr.sin_addr));
//5.write/read
if(fork() == 0){
nread = read(c_fd,readbuf,sizeof(readbuf));
if(nread == -1 ){
perror("read");
}else {
printf("get message form client:%s,message_size:%d\n",readbuf,nread);
}
write(c_fd,sendmessage,strlen(sendmessage));
break;
}
}
//6.close
close(s_fd);
close(c_fd);
return 0;
}
old2_client.c
#include <stdio.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
//#include <linux/in.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
int main(int argc,char **argv)
{
int c_fd;
int c_addrlen;
int nread;
char readbuf[128];
char *sendmessage = "I am client! ";
struct sockaddr_in c_addr;
memset(&c_addr,0,sizeof(struct sockaddr_in));//清理内存
c_addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
c_addr.sin_port = htons(atoi(argv[2]));
inet_aton(argv[1],&c_addr.sin_addr);
//1.socket
c_fd = socket(AF_INET,SOCK_STREAM,0);//创建套接字
if(c_fd == -1){
perror("socket");
exit(-1);
}
//2.connect
connect(c_fd,(struct sockaddr *)&c_addr,sizeof(struct sockaddr_in));//连接
//3.write/read
write(c_fd,sendmessage,strlen(sendmessage));
nread = read(c_fd,readbuf,sizeof(readbuf));
if(nread == -1 ){
perror("read");
}else {
printf("get message from server:%s,message_size:%d\n",readbuf,nread);
}
//6.close
close(c_fd);
return 0;
}
运行结果:
8.实现双方聊天
old3_server.c
#include <stdio.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <string.h>
//#include <linux/in.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
int main(int argc,char **argv)
{
int s_fd;
int c_fd;
int c_addrlen;
int nread;
char readbuf[128];
char sendmessage[128] = {0};
struct sockaddr_in s_addr;
struct sockaddr_in c_addr;
if(argc != 3){
printf("please input right param\n");
exit(-1);
}
memset(&readbuf,0,sizeof(readbuf));
memset(&s_addr,0,sizeof(struct sockaddr_in));
memset(&c_addr,0,sizeof(struct sockaddr_in));
s_addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
s_addr.sin_port = htons(atoi(argv[2]));
inet_aton(argv[1],&s_addr.sin_addr);
//1.socket
s_fd = socket(AF_INET,SOCK_STREAM,0);
if(s_fd == -1){
perror("socket");
exit(-1);
}
//2.bind
if(bind(s_fd,(struct sockaddr *)&s_addr,sizeof(struct sockaddr_in)) == -1){
perror("bind");
exit(-1);
}
//3.listen
if(listen(s_fd,5) == -1){
perror("listen");
exit(-1);
}
//4.accept
c_addrlen = sizeof(struct sockaddr_in);
while(1){ //主进程用于接收
c_fd = accept(s_fd,(struct sockaddr *)&c_addr,&c_addrlen);
if(c_fd == -1){
perror("accept");
exit(-1);
}
printf("I get your IP :%s\n",inet_ntoa(c_addr.sin_addr));
//5.write/read
if(fork() == 0){ //创建子进程用于发送数据
while(1){
memset(&sendmessage,0,sizeof(sendmessage));
printf("input: ");
gets(sendmessage);
write(c_fd,sendmessage,strlen(sendmessage));
}
}
if(fork() == 0){ //创建子进程用于接受数据
while(1){
nread = read(c_fd,readbuf,sizeof(readbuf));
if(nread == -1 ){
perror("read");
}else {
printf("get message form client:%s,message_size:%d\n",readbuf,nread);
memset(&readbuf,0,sizeof(readbuf));//清除管道残留信息
sleep(1);//防止客服端断开服务端刷屏
}
}
}
}
//6.close
close(s_fd);
close(c_fd);
return 0;
}
old3_client.c
#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
//#include <linux/in.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
int main(int argc,char **argv)
{
int c_fd;
int c_addrlen;
int nread;
char readbuf[128];
char sendmessage[128] = {0};
struct sockaddr_in c_addr;
if(argc != 3){
printf("please input right param\n");
exit(-1);
}
memset(&readbuf,0,sizeof(readbuf));
memset(&c_addr,0,sizeof(struct sockaddr_in));
c_addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
c_addr.sin_port = htons(atoi(argv[2]));
inet_aton(argv[1],&c_addr.sin_addr);
//1.socket
c_fd = socket(AF_INET,SOCK_STREAM,0);
if(c_fd == -1){
perror("socket");
exit(-1);
}
//2.connect
if(connect(c_fd,(struct sockaddr *)&c_addr,sizeof(struct sockaddr_in)) == -1){
perror("connect");
exit(-1);
}
//3.write/read
while(1){
if(fork() == 0){
while(1){
memset(&sendmessage,0,sizeof(sendmessage));
printf("input: ");
gets(sendmessage);
write(c_fd,sendmessage,strlen(sendmessage));
}
}
nread = read(c_fd,readbuf,sizeof(readbuf));
if(nread == -1 ){
perror("read");
}else {
printf("get message from server:%s,message_size:%d\n",readbuf,nread);
memset(&readbuf,0,sizeof(readbuf));
sleep(1); //睡眠1秒,防止服务端断开,客服端刷屏
}
}
//6.close
close(c_fd);
return 0;
}
运行结果:
9.多方消息收发
testServer.c
#include <stdio.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <string.h>
//#include <linux/in.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
int main(int argc,char **argv)
{
int s_fd;
int mark = 0;
int c_fd;
int c_addrlen;
int nread;
char readbuf[128];
char sendmessage[128] = {0};
struct sockaddr_in s_addr;
struct sockaddr_in c_addr;
if(argc != 3){
printf("please input right param\n");
exit(-1);
}
memset(&readbuf,0,sizeof(readbuf));
memset(&sendmessage,0,sizeof(sendmessage));
memset(&s_addr,0,sizeof(struct sockaddr_in));
memset(&c_addr,0,sizeof(struct sockaddr_in));
s_addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
s_addr.sin_port = htons(atoi(argv[2]));
inet_aton(argv[1],&s_addr.sin_addr);
//1.socket
s_fd = socket(AF_INET,SOCK_STREAM,0);
if(s_fd == -1){
perror("socket");
exit(-1);
}
//2.bind
if(bind(s_fd,(struct sockaddr *)&s_addr,sizeof(struct sockaddr_in)) == -1){
perror("bind");
exit(-1);
}
//3.listen
if(listen(s_fd,5) == -1){
perror("listen");
exit(-1);
}
//4.accept
c_addrlen = sizeof(struct sockaddr_in);
while(1){
c_fd = accept(s_fd,(struct sockaddr *)&c_addr,&c_addrlen);
if(c_fd == -1){
perror("accept");
exit(-1);
}
printf("I get your IP :%s\n",inet_ntoa(c_addr.sin_addr));
//5.write/read
mark++;
if(fork() == 0){
while(1){
sprintf(sendmessage,"No.%d client",mark);
write(c_fd,sendmessage,strlen(sendmessage));
sleep(3);
}
}
if(fork() == 0){
while(1){
nread = read(c_fd,readbuf,sizeof(readbuf));
if(nread == -1 ){
perror("read");
}else {
printf("get message form client:%s,message_size:%d\n",readbuf,nread);
memset(&readbuf,0,sizeof(readbuf));
sleep(1);
}
}
}
}
//6.close
close(s_fd);
close(c_fd);
return 0;
}
old3_client.c
#include <stdio.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
//#include <linux/in.h>
#include <sys/types.h> /* See NOTES */
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
int main(int argc,char **argv)
{
int c_fd;
int c_addrlen;
int nread;
char readbuf[128];
//char *writebuf = "massage form client !";
char writebuf[128] = {0};
struct sockaddr_in c_addr;
memset(&c_addr,0,sizeof( struct sockaddr_in));
c_addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
c_addr.sin_port = htons(atoi(argv[2])); //端口号 字节序转换
inet_aton(argv[1],&c_addr.sin_addr);//ip地址 把字符串形式的“192.168.8.13”转为网络能识别的格式
//1.socket
//int socket(int domain,int type,int protocol);
c_fd= socket(AF_INET,SOCK_STREAM,0);//创建套接字
if(c_fd == -1){
perror("socket");
exit(-1);
}
//2.connect
//int connect(int sockfd,const struct sockaddr *addr,socklen_t addrlen);
if((connect(c_fd,(struct sockaddr *)&c_addr,sizeof(struct sockaddr_in))) == -1){
perror("connect:");
exit(-1);
}
while(1){
//printf("get connect:%s\n",inet_ntoa(c_addr.sin_addr)); //获得客户端IP地址
//3.send
if(fork() == 0){
while(1){
memset(writebuf,0,sizeof(writebuf));
printf("input: ");
gets(writebuf);
write(c_fd,writebuf,strlen(writebuf));
if(writebuf == "q"){
printf("end!\n");
exit(0);
}
}
}
while(1){
//read
memset(readbuf,0,sizeof(readbuf));
nread = read(c_fd,readbuf,128);
if(readbuf == "q"){
printf("end!\n");
exit(0);
}
if(nread == -1){
perror("read");
}else {
printf("get massage form server:%d ,%s\n",nread,readbuf);
}
}
}
return 0;
}
运行结果: