一、总线、设备、驱动
硬编码式的驱动开发带来的问题：
1. 垃圾代码太多
2. 结构不清晰
3. 一些统一设备功能难以支持
4. 开发效率低下
1.1 初期解决思路：设备和驱动分离
struct device来表示一个具体设备，主要提供具体设备相关的资源（如寄存器地址、GPIO、中断等等）
struct device_driver来表示一个设备驱动，一个驱动可以支持多个操作逻辑相同的设备
带来的问题-------怎样将二者进行关联（匹配）？
硬件上同一总线上的设备遵循一致的时序通信，在其基础上增加管理设备和驱动的软件功能
于是引入总线（bus），各种总线的核心框架由内核来实现，通信时序一般由SOC供应商支持
内核中用struct bus_type来表示一种总线，总线可以是实际存在的总线，也可以是虚拟总线：
1. 实际总线：提供时序通信方式 + 管理设备和驱动
2. 虚拟总线：仅用来管理设备和驱动（最核心的作用之一就是完成设备和驱动的匹配）
理解方式：
设备：提供硬件资源——男方
驱动：提供驱动代码——女方
总线：匹配设备和驱动——婚介所：提供沟通机制，完成拉郎配
1.2 升级思路：根据设备树，在系统启动时自动产生每个节点对应的设备
初期方案，各种device需要编码方式注册进内核中的设备管理结构中，为了进一步减少这样的编码，引进设备树
二、基本数据类型
2.1 struct device
```c struct device { struct bus_type *bus; //总线类型 dev_t devt; //设备号 struct device_driver *driver; //设备驱动 struct device_node *of_node;//设备树中的节点，重要 void (*release)(struct device *dev);//删除设备，重要 //....... }； ```
2.2 struct device_driver
```c struct device_driver { const char *name; //驱动名称，匹配device用，重要 struct bus_type *bus; //总线类型 struct module *owner; //模块THIS_MODULE const struct of_device_id *of_match_table;//用于设备树匹配 of_match_ptr(某struct of_device_id对象地址) 重要 //...... }; ```
```c struct of_device_id { char name[32];//设备名 char type[32];//设备类型 char compatible[128]; //用于device和driver的match，重点 }; //用到结构体数组，一般不指定大小，初始化时最后加{}表示数组结束 ```
三、platform总线驱动
platform是一种虚拟总线，主要用来管理那些不需要时序通信的设备
基本结构图：
3.1 核心数据类型之platform_device
```c struct platform_device { const char *name; //匹配用的名字 int id;//设备id,用于在该总线上同名的设备进行编号，如果只有一个设备，则为-1 struct device dev; //设备模块必须包含该结构体 struct resource *resource;//资源结构体 指向资源数组 u32 num_resources;//资源的数量 资源数组的元素个数 const struct platform_device_id *id_entry;//设备八字 }; ```
```c struct platform_device_id { char name[20];//匹配用名称 kernel_ulong_t driver_data;//需要向驱动传输的其它数据 }; ```
```c struct resource { resource_size_t start; //资源起始位置 resource_size_t end; //资源结束位置 const char *name; unsigned long flags; //区分资源是什么类型的 }; #define IORESOURCE_MEM 0x00000200 #define IORESOURCE_IRQ 0x00000400 /* flags 指资源类型，我们常用的是 IORESOURCE_MEM、IORESOURCE_IRQ 这两种。start 和 end 的含义会随着 flags而变更，如 a -- flags为IORESOURCE_MEM 时，start 、end 分别表示该platform_device占据的内存的开始地址和结束值；注意不同MEM的地址值不能重叠 b -- flags为 IORESOURCE_IRQ 时，start 、end 分别表示该platform_device使用的中断号的开始地址和结束值 */ ```
```c /** *注册：把指定设备添加到内核中平台总线的设备列表，等待匹配,匹配成功则回调驱动中probe； */ int platform_device_register(struct platform_device *); /** *注销：把指定设备从设备列表中删除，如果驱动已匹配则回调驱动方法和设备信息中的release； */ void platform_device_unregister(struct platform_device *); ```
```c struct resource *platform_get_resource(struct platform_device *dev,unsigned int type, unsigned int num); /* 功能：获取设备资源 参数：dev:平台驱动 type:获取的资源类型 num:对应类型资源的序号（如第0个MEM、第2个IRQ等，不是数组下标） 返回值：成功：资源结构体首地址,失败:NULL */ ```
3.2 核心数据类型之platform_driver
```c struct platform_driver { int (*probe)(struct platform_device *);//设备和驱动匹配成功之后调用该函数 int (*remove)(struct platform_device *);//设备卸载了调用该函数 void (*shutdown)(struct platform_device *); int (*suspend)(struct platform_device *, pm_message_t state); int (*resume)(struct platform_device *); struct device_driver driver;//内核里所有的驱动必须包含该结构体 const struct platform_device_id *id_table; //能够支持的设备八字数组，用到结构体数组，一般不指定大小，初始化时最后加{}表示数组结束 }; ```
```c int platform_driver_register(struct platform_driver*pdrv); /* 功能：注册平台设备驱动 参数：pdrv:平台设备驱动结构体 返回值：成功：0 失败：错误码 */ void platform_driver_unregister(struct platform_driver*pdrv); ```
四、platform的三种匹配方式
2.1 名称匹配：一个驱动只对应一个设备 ----- 优先级最低
2.2 id匹配（可想象成八字匹配）：一个驱动可以对应多个设备 ------优先级次低
device模块中，id的name成员必须与struct platform_device中的name成员内容一致
因此device模块中，struct platform_device中的name成员必须指定
driver模块中，struct platform_driver成员driver的name成员必须指定，但与device模块中name可以不相同
2.3 设备树匹配：内核启动时根据设备树自动产生的设备 ------ 优先级最高
使用compatible属性进行匹配，注意设备树中compatible属性值不要包含空白字符
id_table可不设置，但struct platform_driver成员driver的name成员必须设置
五、名称匹配之基础框架
```c /*platform device框架*/ #include <linux/module.h> #include <linux/kernel.h> #include <linux/init.h> #include <linux/platform_device.h> //定义资源数组 static void device_release(struct device *dev) { printk("platform: device release\n"); } struct platform_device test_device = { .id = -1, .name = "test_device",//必须初始化 .dev.release = device_release, }; static int __init platform_device_init(void) { platform_device_register(&test_device); return 0; } static void __exit platform_device_exit(void) { platform_device_unregister(&test_device); } module_init(platform_device_init); module_exit(platform_device_exit); MODULE_LICENSE("Dual BSD/GPL"); ```
```c /*platform driver框架*/ #include <linux/module.h> #include <linux/kernel.h> #include <linux/init.h> #include <linux/platform_device.h> static int driver_probe(struct platform_device *dev) { printk("platform: match ok!\n"); return 0; } static int driver_remove(struct platform_device *dev) { printk("platform: driver remove\n"); return 0; } struct platform_driver test_driver = { .probe = driver_probe, .remove = driver_remove, .driver = { .name = "test_device", //必须初始化 }, }; static int __init platform_driver_init(void) { platform_driver_register(&test_driver); return 0; } static void __exit platform_driver_exit(void) { platform_driver_unregister(&test_driver); } module_init(platform_driver_init); module_exit(platform_driver_exit); MODULE_LICENSE("Dual BSD/GPL"); ```
设备中增加资源，驱动中访问资源
//driver
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/kernel.h>
#include <linux/platform_device.h>
int hello_driver_probe(struct platform_device *p_pltdev)
{
struct resource *pres = NULL;
printk("hellio_driver_probe is called\n");
return 0;
}
int hello_driver_remove(struct platform_device *p_pltdev)
{
printk("hellio_driver_remove is called\n");
return 0;
}
struct platform_driver hello_driver =
{
.driver.name = "hello",
.probe = hello_driver_probe,
.remove = hello_driver_remove,
};
int __init hello_driver_init(void)
{
platform_driver_register(&hello_driver);
return 0;
}
void __exit hello_driver_exit(void)
{
platform_driver_unregister(&hello_driver);
}
MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
module_init(hello_driver_init);
module_exit(hello_driver_exit);
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/kernel.h>
#include <linux/platform_device.h>
static void hello_device_release(struct device *dev)
{
printk("platform:device release\n");
}
struct resource hello_dev_res [] =
{
[0] = {.start = 0x1000, .end=0x1003, .name="reg1", .flags = IORESOURCE_MEM},
[1] = {.start = 0x2000, .end=0x2003, .name="reg2", .flags = IORESOURCE_MEM},
[2] = {.start = 10, .end=10, .name="irq1", .flags = IORESOURCE_IRQ},
[3] = {.start = 0x3000, .end=0x3003, .name="reg3", .flags = IORESOURCE_MEM},
[4] = {.start = 100, .end=100, .name="irq2", .flags = IORESOURCE_IRQ},
[5] = {.start = 62, .end=62, .name="irq3", .flags = IORESOURCE_IRQ},
};
struct platform_device hello_device =
{
.id = -1,
.name = "hello",
.dev.release = hello_device_release,
.resource = hello_dev_res,
.num_resources = ARRAY_SIZE(hello_dev_res),
};
int __init hello_device_init(void)
{
platform_device_register(&hello_device);
return 0;
}
void __exit hello_device_exit(void)
{
platform_device_unregister(&hello_device);
}
MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
module_init(hello_device_init);
module_exit(hello_device_exit);
//driver
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/kernel.h>
#include <linux/platform_device.h>
int hello_driver_probe(struct platform_device *p_pltdev)
{
struct resource *pres = NULL;
printk("hellio_driver_probe is called\n");
pres = platform_get_resource(p_pltdev,IORESOURCE_MEM,2);
printk("res.start = 0x%x\n",(unsigned int)pres->start);
pres = platform_get_resource(p_pltdev,IORESOURCE_IRQ,1);
printk("res.start = %d\n",(int)pres->start);
return 0;
}
int hello_driver_remove(struct platform_device *p_pltdev)
{
printk("hellio_driver_remove is called\n");
return 0;
}
struct platform_driver hello_driver =
{
.driver.name = "hello",
.probe = hello_driver_probe,
.remove = hello_driver_remove,
};
int __init hello_driver_init(void)
{
platform_driver_register(&hello_driver);
return 0;
}
void __exit hello_driver_exit(void)
{
platform_driver_unregister(&hello_driver);
}
MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
module_init(hello_driver_init);
module_exit(hello_driver_exit);
六、名称匹配之led实例
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/kernel.h>
#include <linux/platform_device.h>
#include <linux/fs.h>
#include <linux/cdev.h>
#include <linux/wait.h>
#include <linux/sched.h>
#include <linux/poll.h>
#include <linux/slab.h>
#include <linux/mm.h>
#include <linux/io.h>
#include <asm/uaccess.h>
#include <asm/atomic.h>
#include "leddrv.h"
int major = 11;
int minor = 0;
int myled_num = 1;
struct myled_dev
{
struct cdev mydev;
volatile unsigned long *pled2_con;
volatile unsigned long *pled2_dat;
volatile unsigned long *pled3_con;
volatile unsigned long *pled3_dat;
volatile unsigned long *pled4_con;
volatile unsigned long *pled4_dat;
volatile unsigned long *pled5_con;
volatile unsigned long *pled5_dat;
};
struct myled_dev *pgmydev = NULL;
int myled_open(struct inode *pnode,struct file *pfile)
{
pfile->private_data =(void *) (container_of(pnode->i_cdev,struct myled_dev,mydev));
return 0;
}
int myled_close(struct inode *pnode,struct file *pfile)
{
return 0;
}
void led_on(struct myled_dev *pmydev,int ledno)
{
switch(ledno)
{
case 2:
writel(readl(pmydev->pled2_dat) | (0x1 << 7),pmydev->pled2_dat);
break;
case 3:
writel(readl(pmydev->pled3_dat) | (0x1),pmydev->pled3_dat);
break;
case 4:
writel(readl(pmydev->pled4_dat) | (0x1 << 4),pmydev->pled4_dat);
break;
case 5:
writel(readl(pmydev->pled5_dat) | (0x1 << 5),pmydev->pled5_dat);
break;
}
}
void led_off(struct myled_dev *pmydev,int ledno)
{
switch(ledno)
{
case 2:
writel(readl(pmydev->pled2_dat) & (~(0x1 << 7)),pmydev->pled2_dat);
break;
case 3:
writel(readl(pmydev->pled3_dat) & (~(0x1)),pmydev->pled3_dat);
break;
case 4:
writel(readl(pmydev->pled4_dat) & (~(0x1 << 4)),pmydev->pled4_dat);
break;
case 5:
writel(readl(pmydev->pled5_dat) & (~(0x1 << 5)),pmydev->pled5_dat);
break;
}
}
long myled_ioctl(struct file *pfile,unsigned int cmd,unsigned long arg)
{
struct myled_dev *pmydev = (struct myled_dev *)pfile->private_data;
if(arg < 2 || arg > 5)
{
return -1;
}
switch(cmd)
{
case MY_LED_ON:
led_on(pmydev,arg);
break;
case MY_LED_OFF:
led_off(pmydev,arg);
break;
default:
return -1;
}
return 0;
}
struct file_operations myops = {
.owner = THIS_MODULE,
.open = myled_open,
.release = myled_close,
.unlocked_ioctl = myled_ioctl,
};
void ioremap_ledreg(struct myled_dev *pmydev,struct platform_device *p_pltdev)
{
struct resource *pres = NULL;
pres = platform_get_resource(p_pltdev,IORESOURCE_MEM,2);
pmydev->pled2_con = ioremap(pres->start,4);
pres = platform_get_resource(p_pltdev,IORESOURCE_MEM,3);
pmydev->pled2_dat = ioremap(pres->start,4);
pres = platform_get_resource(p_pltdev,IORESOURCE_MEM,0);
pmydev->pled3_con = ioremap(pres->start,4);
pres = platform_get_resource(p_pltdev,IORESOURCE_MEM,1);
pmydev->pled3_dat = ioremap(pres->start,4);
pres = platform_get_resource(p_pltdev,IORESOURCE_MEM,4);
pmydev->pled4_con = ioremap(pres->start,4);
pres = platform_get_resource(p_pltdev,IORESOURCE_MEM,5);
pmydev->pled4_dat = ioremap(pres->start,4);
pmydev->pled5_con = pmydev->pled4_con;
pmydev->pled5_dat = pmydev->pled4_dat;
}
void set_output_ledconreg(struct myled_dev *pmydev)
{
writel((readl(pmydev->pled2_con) & (~(0xF << 28))) | (0x1 << 28),pmydev->pled2_con);
writel((readl(pmydev->pled3_con) & (~(0xF))) | (0x1),pmydev->pled3_con);
writel((readl(pmydev->pled4_con) & (~(0xF << 16))) | (0x1 << 16),pmydev->pled4_con);
writel((readl(pmydev->pled5_con) & (~(0xF << 20))) | (0x1 << 20),pmydev->pled5_con);
writel(readl(pmydev->pled2_dat) & (~(0x1 << 7)),pmydev->pled2_dat);
writel(readl(pmydev->pled3_dat) & (~(0x1)),pmydev->pled3_dat);
writel(readl(pmydev->pled4_dat) & (~(0x1 << 4)),pmydev->pled4_dat);
writel(readl(pmydev->pled5_dat) & (~(0x1 << 5)),pmydev->pled5_dat);
}
void iounmap_ledreg(struct myled_dev *pmydev)
{
iounmap(pmydev->pled2_con);
pmydev->pled2_con = NULL;
iounmap(pmydev->pled2_dat);
pmydev->pled2_dat = NULL;
iounmap(pmydev->pled3_con);
pmydev->pled3_con = NULL;
iounmap(pmydev->pled3_dat);
pmydev->pled3_dat = NULL;
iounmap(pmydev->pled4_con);
pmydev->pled4_con = NULL;
iounmap(pmydev->pled4_dat);
pmydev->pled4_dat = NULL;
pmydev->pled5_con = NULL;
pmydev->pled5_dat = NULL;
}
int fs4412leds_driver_probe(struct platform_device *p_pltdev)
{
int ret = 0;
dev_t devno = MKDEV(major,minor);
/*申请设备号*/
ret = register_chrdev_region(devno,myled_num,"myled");
if(ret)
{
ret = alloc_chrdev_region(&devno,minor,myled_num,"myled");
if(ret)
{
printk("get devno failed\n");
return -1;
}
major = MAJOR(devno);//容易遗漏，注意
}
pgmydev = (struct myled_dev *)kmalloc(sizeof(struct myled_dev),GFP_KERNEL);
if(NULL == pgmydev)
{
unregister_chrdev_region(devno,myled_num);
printk("kmalloc failed\n");
return -1;
}
memset(pgmydev,0,sizeof(struct myled_dev));
/*给struct cdev对象指定操作函数集*/
cdev_init(&pgmydev->mydev,&myops);
/*将struct cdev对象添加到内核对应的数据结构里*/
pgmydev->mydev.owner = THIS_MODULE;
cdev_add(&pgmydev->mydev,devno,myled_num);
/*ioremap*/
ioremap_ledreg(pgmydev,p_pltdev);
/*con-register set output*/
set_output_ledconreg(pgmydev);
return 0;
}
int fs4412leds_driver_remove(struct platform_device *p_pltdev)
{
dev_t devno = MKDEV(major,minor);
/*iounmap*/
iounmap_ledreg(pgmydev);
cdev_del(&pgmydev->mydev);
unregister_chrdev_region(devno,myled_num);
kfree(pgmydev);
pgmydev = NULL;
return 0;
}
struct platform_driver fs4412leds_driver =
{
.driver.name = "fs4412leds",
.probe = fs4412leds_driver_probe,
.remove = fs4412leds_driver_remove,
};
int __init fs4412leds_driver_init(void)
{
platform_driver_register(&fs4412leds_driver);
return 0;
}
void __exit fs4412leds_driver_exit(void)
{
platform_driver_unregister(&fs4412leds_driver);
}
MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
module_init(fs4412leds_driver_init);
module_exit(fs4412leds_driver_exit);
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/kernel.h>
#include <linux/platform_device.h>
#define GPX1CON 0x11000C20
#define GPX1DAT 0x11000C24
#define GPX2CON 0x11000C40
#define GPX2DAT 0x11000C44
#define GPF3CON 0x114001E0
#define GPF3DAT 0x114001E4
void fs4412leds_dev_release(struct device *pdev)
{
printk("fs4412leds_dev_release is called\n");
}
struct resource fs4412leds_dev_res [] =
{
[0] = {.start = GPX1CON,.end=GPX1CON + 3,.name="GPX1CON",.flags = IORESOURCE_MEM},
[1] = {.start = GPX1DAT,.end=GPX1DAT + 3,.name="GPX1DAT",.flags = IORESOURCE_MEM},
[2] = {.start = GPX2CON,.end=GPX2CON + 3,.name="GPX2CON",.flags = IORESOURCE_MEM},
[3] = {.start = GPX2DAT,.end=GPX2DAT + 3,.name="GPX2DAT",.flags = IORESOURCE_MEM},
[4] = {.start = GPF3CON,.end=GPF3CON + 3,.name="GPF3CON",.flags = IORESOURCE_MEM},
[5] = {.start = GPF3DAT,.end=GPF3DAT + 3,.name="GPF3DAT",.flags = IORESOURCE_MEM},
};
struct platform_device fs4412leds_device =
{
.name = "fs4412leds",
.dev.release = fs4412leds_dev_release,
.resource = fs4412leds_dev_res,
.num_resources = ARRAY_SIZE(fs4412leds_dev_res),
};
int __init fs4412leds_device_init(void)
{
platform_device_register(&fs4412leds_device);
return 0;
}
void __exit fs4412leds_device_exit(void)
{
platform_device_unregister(&fs4412leds_device);
}
MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
module_init(fs4412leds_device_init);
module_exit(fs4412leds_device_exit);
#ifndef LED_DRIVER_H
#define LED_DRIVER_H
#define LED_DEV_MAGIC 'g'
#define MY_LED_OFF _IO(LED_DEV_MAGIC,0)
#define MY_LED_ON _IO(LED_DEV_MAGIC,1)
#endif
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