什么是连接查询
在实际开发中,大部分情况下都不是从单表中查询数据,一般都是多张表联合查询取出最终的结构。 一般一个业务会对应多张表,比如:学生和班级,单表存放会产生数据的冗余。
连接查询的分类
根据语法出现的年代:
SQL92 SQL99
根据连接方式:
内连接
等值连接
非等值连接
自连接
外连接
左外连接(左连接)
右外连接(右连接)
全连接(很少用)
表的连接查询方面有一种现象:笛卡尔乘积现象
当两张表进行连接查询的时候,若没有任何条件的限制,最终的查询结果条数将会是两张表记录条数的乘积。
如何避免:加条件进行过滤。
注意:避免了笛卡尔积现象,会减少匹配的次数吗?
并不会,底层还是会进行原次数的匹配,只不过只显示出有效记录。
一、内连接
1、内连接之等值连接:最大的特点是条件是等量关系
语法:
例:查询每个员工的部门名称,要求显示与员工名和部门名
SQL92:(老语法,用的少)
mysql> select
-> e.ename,d.dname
-> from
-> emp e,dept d
-> where
-> e.deptno=d.deptno;
+--------+------------+
| ename | dname |
+--------+------------+
| CLARK | ACCOUNTING |
| KING | ACCOUNTING |
| MILLER | ACCOUNTING |
| SMITH | RESEARCH |
| JONES | RESEARCH |
| SCOTT | RESEARCH |
| ADAMS | RESEARCH |
| FORD | RESEARCH |
| ALLEN | SALES |
| WARD | SALES |
| MARTIN | SALES |
| BLAKE | SALES |
| TURNER | SALES |
| JAMES | SALES |
+--------+------------+
SQL99:(常用)join.....on语法
mysql> select
-> e.ename,d.dname
-> from
-> emp e
-> join
-> dept d
-> on
-> e.deptno=d.deptno;
+--------+------------+
| ename | dname |
+--------+------------+
| CLARK | ACCOUNTING |
| KING | ACCOUNTING |
| MILLER | ACCOUNTING |
| SMITH | RESEARCH |
| JONES | RESEARCH |
| SCOTT | RESEARCH |
| ADAMS | RESEARCH |
| FORD | RESEARCH |
| ALLEN | SALES |
| WARD | SALES |
| MARTIN | SALES |
| BLAKE | SALES |
| TURNER | SALES |
| JAMES | SALES |
+--------+------------+
select
对象
from
表1
(inner) join
表2
on
连接条件
where
过滤条件 在SQL99中,把过滤条件和表连接条件分开了
2、内连接之非等值连接:最大的特点是连接条件中的关系是非等值关系
例:找出每个员工的工作等级,要求显示员工名、工资、工资等级
mysql> select e.ename,e.sal,s.grade
-> from emp e
-> join salgrade s
-> on e.sal between s.losal and s.hisal;
+--------+---------+-------+
| ename | sal | grade |
+--------+---------+-------+
| SMITH | 800.00 | 1 |
| ALLEN | 1600.00 | 3 |
| WARD | 1250.00 | 2 |
| JONES | 2975.00 | 4 |
| MARTIN | 1250.00 | 2 |
| BLAKE | 2850.00 | 4 |
| CLARK | 2450.00 | 4 |
| SCOTT | 3000.00 | 4 |
| KING | 5000.00 | 5 |
| TURNER | 1500.00 | 3 |
| ADAMS | 1100.00 | 1 |
| JAMES | 950.00 | 1 |
| FORD | 3000.00 | 4 |
| MILLER | 1300.00 | 2 |
+--------+---------+-------+
3、内连接之自连接:最大特点是一张表看作两张表,自己连自己。
例:找出每个员工的上级领导,要求显示员工名和对应的领导名。
mysql> select a.ename '员工名' ,b.ename '领导名'
-> from emp a
-> join emp b
-> on a.mgr = b.empno;
+--------+--------+
| 员工名 | 领导名 |
+--------+--------+
| SMITH | FORD |
| ALLEN | BLAKE |
| WARD | BLAKE |
| JONES | KING |
| MARTIN | BLAKE |
| BLAKE | KING |
| CLARK | KING |
| SCOTT | JONES |
| TURNER | BLAKE |
| ADAMS | SCOTT |
| JAMES | BLAKE |
| FORD | JONES |
| MILLER | CLARK |
+--------+--------+
13 rows in set (0.00 sec)
二、外连接
什么是外连接?和内连接有什么区别?
内连接:
假设A和B表进行连接,使用内连接的话,凡是A 和B表能够匹配上的记录查询出来。AB两张表没有主副之分。
外连接:
假设A和B表进行连接,使用外连接的话,AB表中有一张是主表,一张表是副表,主要查询主表中的数据,当副表中的数据没有和主表匹配上,副表中会自动生成NULL与之匹配。最重要的特征是会把主表的数据全部找出来。
例:找出每个员工的上级领导(每个员工都需要查出来)
mysql> select a.ename,b.ename
-> from emp a
-> left outer join emp b //用left 或者 right来指示外连接
-> on a.mgr = b.empno;
+--------+-------+
| ename | ename |
+--------+-------+
| SMITH | FORD |
| ALLEN | BLAKE |
| WARD | BLAKE |
| JONES | KING |
| MARTIN | BLAKE |
| BLAKE | KING |
| CLARK | KING |
| SCOTT | JONES |
| KING | NULL |
| TURNER | BLAKE |
| ADAMS | SCOTT |
| JAMES | BLAKE |
| FORD | JONES |
| MILLER | CLARK |
+--------+-------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)
例:找出哪个部门没有员工
mysql> select a.dname from dept a left join emp b on a.deptno = b.deptno where b.ename is null;
+------------+
| dname |
+------------+
| OPERATIONS |
+------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select
-> a.*
-> from
-> dept a
-> left join
-> emp b
-> on
-> a.deptno = b.deptno
-> where
-> b.ename is null;
+--------+------------+--------+
| DEPTNO | DNAME | LOC |
+--------+------------+--------+
| 40 | OPERATIONS | BOSTON |
+--------+------------+--------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
三、三张表怎么连接查询
例:找出每一个员工的部门名称及工资等级
select
e.ename,d.dname,s.grade
from
emp e
join
dept d
on
e.deptno = d.deptno
join
salgrade s
on
e.sal between s.losal and s.hisal;
+--------+------------+-------+
| ename | dname | grade |
+--------+------------+-------+
| SMITH | RESEARCH | 1 |
| ALLEN | SALES | 3 |
| WARD | SALES | 2 |
| JONES | RESEARCH | 4 |
| MARTIN | SALES | 2 |
| BLAKE | SALES | 4 |
| CLARK | ACCOUNTING | 4 |
| SCOTT | RESEARCH | 4 |
| KING | ACCOUNTING | 5 |
| TURNER | SALES | 3 |
| ADAMS | RESEARCH | 1 |
| JAMES | SALES | 1 |
| FORD | RESEARCH | 4 |
| MILLER | ACCOUNTING | 2 |
+--------+------------+-------+
例:找出每一个员工的部门名称及工资等级以及上级领导
select
a.ename,d.dname,s.grade,b.ename
from
emp a
join
dept d
on
a.deptno = d.deptno
join
salgrade s
on
a.sal between s.losal and s.hisal
left join
emp b
on
a.mgr = b.empno;
+--------+------------+-------+-------+
| ename | dname | grade | ename |
+--------+------------+-------+-------+
| SMITH | RESEARCH | 1 | FORD |
| ALLEN | SALES | 3 | BLAKE |
| WARD | SALES | 2 | BLAKE |
| JONES | RESEARCH | 4 | KING |
| MARTIN | SALES | 2 | BLAKE |
| BLAKE | SALES | 4 | KING |
| CLARK | ACCOUNTING | 4 | KING |
| SCOTT | RESEARCH | 4 | JONES |
| KING | ACCOUNTING | 5 | NULL |
| TURNER | SALES | 3 | BLAKE |
| ADAMS | RESEARCH | 1 | SCOTT |
| JAMES | SALES | 1 | BLAKE |
| FORD | RESEARCH | 4 | JONES |
| MILLER | ACCOUNTING | 2 | CLARK |
+--------+------------+-------+-------+