1.从C到C++

1.1 C++程序基本组成

#include<iostream>

using namespace std;//名字空间

1.2 简单输入与输出

cin-标准输入流对象-提取运算符

cout-标准输出流对象-插入运算符

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
	int a, b, sum;
	cout << "please input 2 integers to a,b" << endl;
	cin >> a >> b;
	sum = a + b;
	float  c, d, sub;
	cout << "please input 2 integers to c,d" << endl;
	cin >> c >> d;
	sub = c - d;
	cout << "a+b=" << sum << endl;
	cout << "c-d=" << sub << endl;
	return 0;
}

文件操作:

#include<fstream>  头文件

ifstream in;定义读文件变量 

in.open("1.txt");打开读文件

in.close();关闭读文件

ofstream out;定义写文件变量 

out.open("2.txt");打开写文件

out.close();关闭写文件

//从文件读入若干整数求和
#include<fstream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
	ifstream in;
	ofstream out;
	int x, sum = 0;
	in.open("1.txt");
	out.open("2.txt");
	while (in >> x)
		sum += x;
	out << "sum=" << sum << endl;
	
}

1.3 指针与引用

&取地址，*取值

int p=2；int *p1；p1=&p;

#include<iostream>

using namespace std;
int main()
{
	int a = 36;
	int *b = &a;
	*b = 100;
	cout << a << endl;
	cout << b <<endl;
	cout << &a << endl;
	cout << *b << endl;
	cout << &b << endl;
	return 0;
}

引用及别名：int a;  int &ta=a;

#include<iostream>

using namespace std;
int main()
{
	int num(5);
	int &a = num;
	cout << "num=" << num << "," << "a=" << a << endl;
	num += 5;
	cout << "num=" << num << "," << "a=" << a << endl;
	a += 8;
	cout << "num=" << num << "," << "a=" << a << endl;
	return 0;
}

1.4 函数

函数定义：标准库函数与用户自定义函数

函数调用

#include<iostream>

using namespace std;
int sum(int x, int y)
{
	return x + y;
}
int main()
{
	int a, b, c, sum1, total;
	cin >> a >> b >> c;
	sum1 = sum(a, b);
	total = sum(sum1, c);
	cout << "a+b=" << sum1 << endl;
	cout << "a+b+c=" << total << endl;
	return 0;
}

函数的参数传递

（1）值传递

#include<iostream>

using namespace std;
void swap(int, int);

int main()
{
	int a = 5, b = 10;
	cout << "a=" << a <<", "<<"b = " << b << endl;

	swap(a, b);
	cout << "a=" << a << ", " << "b = " << b << endl;

	return 0;
}

void swap(int m, int n)
{
	int t = m;
	m = n;
	n = t;
	cout << "m=" << m << "," << "n=" << n << endl;
}

（2）引用传递

#include<iostream>

using namespace std;
void swap(int&, int&);

int main()
{
	int a = 5, b = 10;
	cout << "a=" << a <<", "<<"b = " << b << endl;

	swap(a, b);
	cout << "a=" << a << ", " << "b = " << b << endl;

	return 0;
}

void swap(int& m, int& n)
{
	int t = m;
	m = n;
	n = t;
	cout << "m=" << m << "," << "n=" << n << endl;
}

1.5 new和delete运算符

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;
int main()
{
	int *p;
	p = new int;
	*p = 25;
	cout<< *p;
	delete p;
	return 0;
}