简介
B树是一棵多路平衡搜索树,也称为B-树、B_树。其是一种自平衡树状数据结构,对存储的数据进行查找、插入和删除时间复杂度为O(log n)。B树一般较多用在存储系统上,比如数据库或文件系统。
B树(m 阶)特点:
1 每个节点最多有m个孩子
2 每个非叶子节点至少有ceil(m/2)个孩子,除了根节点
3 对于根节点,子树个数范围为[2,m],节点内值的个数范围为[1,m-1]
4 对于非根节点,节点内的值个数范围为[ceil(m/2)-1,m-1]
5 根节点(非叶子节点)至少有两个孩子
6 所有叶子节点在同一层
7 节点内的值按照从小到大排列
8父节点的若干值作为分离值分成多个子树,左子树小于对应分离值,对应分离值小于右子树
B树的层次结构:
B树查找
B树的搜索和二叉搜索树类似,从根节点开始,从上往下递归的遍历树。在每一层节点上,使用二分查找法匹配目标键,或者通过键的范围来确定子树。
如下图(以4阶B树为例)
查找关键字8,则流程如下:
B树插入
对于新元素的插入,都是发生在叶子节点上的。所有的插入操作都是从根节点开始,搜索这棵树,并找到该元素应该被插入的节点。将新元素插入到该节点需要如下步骤:
1) 如果该节点上的元素数未满,则将新元素插入到该节点,并保持节点中元素的顺序。
如图:
2)如果该节点上的元素已满,则需要将该节点平均地分裂成两个节点:
从该节点中的元素和新元素先出一个中位数小于中位数的元素放到左边节点,大于中位数的元素放到右边节点,中位数做为分隔值。
分隔值被插入到父节点中(增加了树的高度),这可能会导致父节点的分裂,分裂父节点时又可能会使它的父节点分裂,以此类推。如果分裂一直上升到根节点,那么就创建一个新的根节点,它有一个分隔值和两个子节点。(这就是根节点并不像内部节点一样有最少子节点数量限制的原因)
如先插入key为44,首先找到目标节点,发现该节点元素已满,
此时我们发现该节点元素已满,按照规则此节点会进行分裂:
B树删除
B树的删除就复杂了许多,可分为下面几种情况:
删除叶子节点中的元素
1)搜索要删除的元素 --> 如果它在叶子节点上,直接将其删除
删除元素 11
2)如果删除后产生了下溢出(键数小于最小值),则向其兄弟节点借元素。即将其父节点元素下移至当前节点,将兄弟节点中元素上移至父节点(若是左节点,上移最大元素;若是右节点,上移最小元素)
4)若兄弟节点也达到下限,则合并兄弟节点与分割键。
删除内部节点中的元素 (1)内部节点中元素为其左右子节点的分割值,需要从左子节点最大元素或右子节点最小元素中选出一个新的分割符。被选中的分割符从原子节点中移除,作为新的分隔值替换掉被删除的元素。 (2)上一步中,若左右子节点元素数均达到下限,则合并左右子节点。 (3)若删除元素后,其中节点元素数小于下限,则继续合并。
删除非叶子节点中的元素
1)如果左子节点的键数超过最小值,则删除的内部节点将替换为中序前置节点。
如果右子节点的键数超过最小值,则删除的内部节点将替换为中序后置节点。
2) 如果任一子级的键数正好是最小的,则合并左子级和右子级。
- 在这种情况下,树的高度会缩小。如果目标键位于内部节点中,并且删除该键会导致节点中的键数量减少(即,少于所需的最小值),则查找中序前置和中序后置。如果两个子项都包含最少数量的键,则不能进行借用。这导致了第二种情况(2),即合并孩子。
再说一遍,找兄弟同级借键。但是,如果同级也只有最少数量的键,则将节点与同级以及父级合并。把孩子们按顺序排列好。
源代码
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <assert.h>
#define DEGREE 3
typedef int KEY_VALUE;
typedef struct _btree_node {
KEY_VALUE *keys;
struct _btree_node **childrens;
int num;
int leaf;
} btree_node;
typedef struct _btree {
btree_node *root;
int t;
} btree;
btree_node *btree_create_node(int t, int leaf) {
btree_node *node = (btree_node*)calloc(1, sizeof(btree_node));
if (node == NULL) assert(0);
node->leaf = leaf;
node->keys = (KEY_VALUE*)calloc(1, (2*t-1)*sizeof(KEY_VALUE));
node->childrens = (btree_node**)calloc(1, (2*t) * sizeof(btree_node));
node->num = 0;
return node;
}
void btree_destroy_node(btree_node *node) {
assert(node);
free(node->childrens);
free(node->keys);
free(node);
}
void btree_create(btree *T, int t) {
T->t = t;
btree_node *x = btree_create_node(t, 1);
T->root = x;
}
void btree_split_child(btree *T, btree_node *x, int i) {
int t = T->t;
btree_node *y = x->childrens[i];
btree_node *z = btree_create_node(t, y->leaf);
z->num = t - 1;
int j = 0;
for (j = 0;j < t-1;j ++) {
z->keys[j] = y->keys[j+t];
}
if (y->leaf == 0) {
for (j = 0;j < t;j ++) {
z->childrens[j] = y->childrens[j+t];
}
}
y->num = t - 1;
for (j = x->num;j >= i+1;j --) {
x->childrens[j+1] = x->childrens[j];
}
x->childrens[i+1] = z;
for (j = x->num-1;j >= i;j --) {
x->keys[j+1] = x->keys[j];
}
x->keys[i] = y->keys[t-1];
x->num += 1;
}
void btree_insert_nonfull(btree *T, btree_node *x, KEY_VALUE k) {
int i = x->num - 1;
if (x->leaf == 1) {
while (i >= 0 && x->keys[i] > k) {
x->keys[i+1] = x->keys[i];
i --;
}
x->keys[i+1] = k;
x->num += 1;
} else {
while (i >= 0 && x->keys[i] > k) i --;
if (x->childrens[i+1]->num == (2*(T->t))-1) {
btree_split_child(T, x, i+1);
if (k > x->keys[i+1]) i++;
}
btree_insert_nonfull(T, x->childrens[i+1], k);
}
}
void btree_insert(btree *T, KEY_VALUE key) {
//int t = T->t;
btree_node *r = T->root;
if (r->num == 2 * T->t - 1) {
btree_node *node = btree_create_node(T->t, 0);
T->root = node;
node->childrens[0] = r;
btree_split_child(T, node, 0);
int i = 0;
if (node->keys[0] < key) i++;
btree_insert_nonfull(T, node->childrens[i], key);
} else {
btree_insert_nonfull(T, r, key);
}
}
void btree_traverse(btree_node *x) {
int i = 0;
for (i = 0;i < x->num;i ++) {
if (x->leaf == 0)
btree_traverse(x->childrens[i]);
printf("%C ", x->keys[i]);
}
if (x->leaf == 0) btree_traverse(x->childrens[i]);
}
void btree_print(btree *T, btree_node *node, int layer)
{
btree_node* p = node;
int i;
if(p){
printf("\nlayer = %d keynum = %d is_leaf = %d\n", layer, p->num, p->leaf);
for(i = 0; i < node->num; i++)
printf("%c ", p->keys[i]);
printf("\n");
#if 0
printf("%p\n", p);
for(i = 0; i <= 2 * T->t; i++)
printf("%p ", p->childrens[i]);
printf("\n");
#endif
layer++;
for(i = 0; i <= p->num; i++)
if(p->childrens[i])
btree_print(T, p->childrens[i], layer);
}
else printf("the tree is empty\n");
}
int btree_bin_search(btree_node *node, int low, int high, KEY_VALUE key) {
int mid;
if (low > high || low < 0 || high < 0) {
return -1;
}
while (low <= high) {
mid = (low + high) / 2;
if (key > node->keys[mid]) {
low = mid + 1;
} else {
high = mid - 1;
}
}
return low;
}
//{child[idx], key[idx], child[idx+1]}
void btree_merge(btree *T, btree_node *node, int idx) {
btree_node *left = node->childrens[idx];
btree_node *right = node->childrens[idx+1];
int i = 0;
/data merge
left->keys[T->t-1] = node->keys[idx];
for (i = 0;i < T->t-1;i ++) {
left->keys[T->t+i] = right->keys[i];
}
if (!left->leaf) {
for (i = 0;i < T->t;i ++) {
left->childrens[T->t+i] = right->childrens[i];
}
}
left->num += T->t;
//destroy right
btree_destroy_node(right);
//node
for (i = idx+1;i < node->num;i ++) {
node->keys[i-1] = node->keys[i];
node->childrens[i] = node->childrens[i+1];
}
node->childrens[i+1] = NULL;
node->num -= 1;
if (node->num == 0) {
T->root = left;
btree_destroy_node(node);
}
}
void btree_delete_key(btree *T, btree_node *node, KEY_VALUE key) {
if (node == NULL) return ;
int idx = 0, i;
while (idx < node->num && key > node->keys[idx]) {
idx ++;
}
if (idx < node->num && key == node->keys[idx]) {
if (node->leaf) {
for (i = idx;i < node->num-1;i ++) {
node->keys[i] = node->keys[i+1];
}
node->keys[node->num - 1] = 0;
node->num--;
if (node->num == 0) { //root
free(node);
T->root = NULL;
}
return ;
} else if (node->childrens[idx]->num >= T->t) {
btree_node *left = node->childrens[idx];
node->keys[idx] = left->keys[left->num - 1];
btree_delete_key(T, left, left->keys[left->num - 1]);
} else if (node->childrens[idx+1]->num >= T->t) {
btree_node *right = node->childrens[idx+1];
node->keys[idx] = right->keys[0];
btree_delete_key(T, right, right->keys[0]);
} else {
btree_merge(T, node, idx);
btree_delete_key(T, node->childrens[idx], key);
}
} else {
btree_node *child = node->childrens[idx];
if (child == NULL) {
printf("Cannot del key = %d\n", key);
return ;
}
if (child->num == T->t - 1) {
btree_node *left = NULL;
btree_node *right = NULL;
if (idx - 1 >= 0)
left = node->childrens[idx-1];
if (idx + 1 <= node->num)
right = node->childrens[idx+1];
if ((left && left->num >= T->t) ||
(right && right->num >= T->t)) {
int richR = 0;
if (right) richR = 1;
if (left && right) richR = (right->num > left->num) ? 1 : 0;
if (right && right->num >= T->t && richR) { //borrow from next
child->keys[child->num] = node->keys[idx];
child->childrens[child->num+1] = right->childrens[0];
child->num ++;
node->keys[idx] = right->keys[0];
for (i = 0;i < right->num - 1;i ++) {
right->keys[i] = right->keys[i+1];
right->childrens[i] = right->childrens[i+1];
}
right->keys[right->num-1] = 0;
right->childrens[right->num-1] = right->childrens[right->num];
right->childrens[right->num] = NULL;
right->num --;
} else { //borrow from prev
for (i = child->num;i > 0;i --) {
child->keys[i] = child->keys[i-1];
child->childrens[i+1] = child->childrens[i];
}
child->childrens[1] = child->childrens[0];
child->childrens[0] = left->childrens[left->num];
child->keys[0] = node->keys[idx-1];
child->num ++;
node->keys[idx-1] = left->keys[left->num-1];
left->keys[left->num-1] = 0;
left->childrens[left->num] = NULL;
left->num --;
}
} else if ((!left || (left->num == T->t - 1))
&& (!right || (right->num == T->t - 1))) {
if (left && left->num == T->t - 1) {
btree_merge(T, node, idx-1);
child = left;
} else if (right && right->num == T->t - 1) {
btree_merge(T, node, idx);
}
}
}
btree_delete_key(T, child, key);
}
}
int btree_delete(btree *T, KEY_VALUE key) {
if (!T->root) return -1;
btree_delete_key(T, T->root, key);
return 0;
}
int main() {
btree T = {0};
btree_create(&T, 3);
srand(48);
int i = 0;
char key[26] = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ";
for (i = 0;i < 26;i ++) {
//key[i] = rand() % 1000;
printf("%c ", key[i]);
btree_insert(&T, key[i]);
}
btree_print(&T, T.root, 0);
for (i = 0;i < 26;i ++) {
printf("\n---------------------------------\n");
btree_delete(&T, key[25-i]);
//btree_traverse(T.root);
btree_print(&T, T.root, 0);
}
}