C++ primer plus 编程练习

先上代码：

string1.h

#pragma once

#ifndef STRING1_H_
#define STRING1_H_
#define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS
#include <iostream>
using std::ostream;
using std::istream;
class String {
private:
	char* str;
	// pointer to string
	int len;// length of string
	static int num_strings; // number of objects
	static const int CINLIM = 80; 
public:
	String(const char* s); // constructor// default constructor
	String();
	String(const String &); // copy constructor// destructor
	~String();
	int length() const { return len; };
	String & operator=(const String&); 
	String& operator=(const char*);
	char& operator[](int i);
	const char& operator[](int i) const;
	friend bool operator<(const String & st, const String& st2);
	friend bool operator > (const String& st1, const String& st2);
	friend bool operator==(const String& st,const String & st2);
	friend ostream& operator<<(ostream& os,const String& st);
	friend istream& operator>>(istream& is,String& st);
	static int HowMany();

	//string2
	friend String& operator+(String& st, const String& st2);
	friend String& operator+(const String& st, String& st2);
	String operator+(String& st2);
	void stringlow();
	void stringup();
	int has(const char a);

};

#endif

string1.cpp     

#include<cstring>
#define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS
#include"string1.h"
#include<cctype>
using std::cin;
using std::cout;
// initializing static class member
int String::num_strings = 0;

int String::HowMany() {
	return num_strings;
}

String::String(const char* s) {
	len = std::strlen(s);
	str = new char[len + 1];
	//std::strcpy(str, s);
	strcpy_s(str,len+1, s);
	num_strings++;
}
String::String() {
	len = 4;
	str = new char[1];
	str[0] = '\0';
	num_strings++;
}

String::String(const String& st) {
	num_strings++;
	len = st.len;
	str = new char[len + 1];
	//std::strcpy(str, st.str);
	strcpy_s(str, len + 1, st.str);
}
String::~String() {
	--num_strings;
	delete[] str;
}
String& String::operator=(const String& st) {
	if (this == &st)
		return *this;
	delete[] str;
	len = st.len;
	str = new char[len + 1];
	//std::strcpy(str, st.str);
	strcpy_s(str, strlen(st.str)+ 1, st.str);
	return *this;
}

// assign a C string to a String
String& String::operator=(const char* s) {
	delete[] str;
	len = std::strlen(s);
	str = new char[len + 1];
	//std::strcpy(str, s);
	strcpy_s(str, len + 1, s);
	return *this;
}

// read-write char access for non-congt String
char& String::operator[](int i) {
	return str[i];
}

// read-only char access for const String
const char& String::operator[](int i) const{
	return str[i];
}
bool operator<(const String& st1,const String& st2) {
	return (std::strcmp(st1.str, st2.str) < 0);
}	
bool operator>(const String& st1, const String& st2) {
	return st2<st1;
}
bool operator==(const String& st1, const String& st2) {
	return (std::strcmp(st1.str, st2.str) == 0);
}
ostream& operator<<(ostream& os, const String& st) {
	os << st.str;
	return os;
}

// quick and dirty String input
istream& operator>>(istream& is,String& st) {
	char temp[String::CINLIM];
	is.get(temp,String::CINLIM);
	if (is)
		st = temp;
	while (is && is.get() != '\n')
			continue;
	return is;
}
//string2.h

//}//Fretta Frabo
//String& operator+(const String& st, const String& st2) {
//	String result;
//	delete[] result.str;
//	result.str = new char[st.len + st2.len + 2];
//	result.len = st.len + st2.len;
//	strcpy_s(result.str, st.len + 1, st.str);
//	strcpy_s(result.str, st2.len + 1, st2.str);
//	//strcat_s(result.str, st.len, st.str);
//	//strcat_s(result.str, st2.len, st2.str);
//	return result;
//}
String& operator+(String& st, const String& st2) {
	char * str = new char[st.len + st2.len + 1];
	strcpy_s(str, st.len+1, st.str);
	strcat_s(str, strlen(str) + strlen(st2.str) + 1, st2.str);
	if (st.str) {
		delete[] st.str;
		st.str = nullptr;
	}
	st.str = new char[strlen(str) + 1];
	st.len = strlen(str) + 1;
	strcpy_s(st.str, strlen(str) + 1, str);
	delete [] str;
	return st;
}
String& operator+(const String& st, String& st2) {
	char* str = new char[st.len + st2.len + 1];
	/*strcpy_s(str, st.len + 1, st.str);
	strcat_s(str, st2.len + 1, st2.str);*/
	strcpy_s(str, st.len + 1, st.str);
	strcat_s(str, strlen(str) + strlen(st2.str) + 1, st2.str);
	if (st2.str) { 
		delete[] st2.str;
		st2.str = nullptr;
	}
	st2.str = new char[strlen(str) + 1];
	st2.len = strlen(str) + 1;
	strcpy_s(st2.str, strlen(str) + 1, str);
	delete[] str;
	return st2;
}
String String::operator+(String& st2) {
	int length = strlen(str);
	if (str) { 
		delete[] str;
		str = nullptr;
	}
	str = new char[length + strlen(st2.str) + 1] {};
	strcat_s(str, length + strlen(st2.str) + 1, st2.str);
	this->len = strlen(str) + strlen(st2.str) + 1;
	return *this;
}
//String String::operator+(String& st2) {
//	if (str) {
//		delete[] str;
//		str = nullptr;
//	}
//	str = new char[strlen(str) + strlen(st2.str) + 1];
//	strcat_s(str, strlen(str) + strlen(st2.str) + 1, st2.str);
//	return *this;
//}

void String::stringlow() {
	for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
		if (isupper(str[i])) str[i]=tolower(str[i]);
		else;
	}
}
void String::stringup() {
	for (int i = 0; i < strlen(str)+1; i++) {
		if (islower(str[i])) str[i]=toupper(str[i]);
		else;
	}
}
int String::has(const char a) {
	int count = 0;
	for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
		if (a == str[i]) count++;
	}
	return count;
}

pe12_2.cpp

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
#include"string1.h"
int main() {
	String sl("and I am a C++ student ."); 
	String s2 = "Please enter your name: "; 
	String s3;
	// overloaded << operator
	cout << s2;
	cin >> s3;
	// overloaded >> operator
	s2 = "My name is "+  s3;
	cout << s2 << ".\n";
	// overloaded =， + operators
	s2 = s2 + sl;// converts string to uppercase
	s2.stringup();
	cout <<"The string\n" << s2 <<"\ncontains"<< s2.has('A') << " 'A' characters in it.\n";
	sl = "red";
	String rgb[3]={String(sl),String("green"),String("blue")};
	cout << "Enter the name of a primary color for mixing light: ";
	String ans;
	bool success = false;
	while (cin >> ans) {
		ans.stringlow();// converts string to lowercase
		for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
			if (ans == rgb[i]) {// overloaded == operator
				cout << "That's right!\n";
				success = true;
				break;
			}
		}
		if (success)
			break;
		else
			cout << "Try again!\n";
			
	}
	cout << "Bye\n";
	return 0;
}

学习：

1.：

strcpy_s(st2.str, strlen(str) + 1, str); 第二个参数是源字符串的长度+1；

strcat_s(str, strlen(str) + strlen(st2.str) + 1, st2.str);第二个参数是源字符串加目的字符串的长度和+1；

2.：

重载运算符时，运算符要传入两个参数的话（括号里的形参个数是两个）要使用友元函数；

运算符要传入1个参数的话（括号里的形参个数是1个）要使用普通成员函数；

1 2 解决报错：L”Buffer is too small“

3.：

delete后，使用nullptr;(???,对运行结果没影响)：

delete ptr;后ptr成了"空悬指针"，即指向一块曾经保存数据对象但现在已经无效的内存的指针。此时，ptr会在在内存里乱指一通，有可能指到一些重要地址造成出错，因此为了使用的安全，我们一般在delete ptr之后还会加上ptr = nullptr;这一语句使其不指向任何对象。

4.：报错：未初始化*str 已使用*str，但可能未将其初始化：

加大括号就行：

int length = strlen(str);
	if (str) { 
		delete[] str;
		str = nullptr;
	}
	str = new char[length + strlen(st2.str) + 1] {};