mysql详解及其安装（外加mariadb安装）

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已于 2022-07-22 22:21:01 修改

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文章标签：数据库 mysql postgresql

于 2022-07-22 22:20:30 首次发布

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/qq_53078033/article/details/125941012

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#mysql详解及其安装（外加mariadb安装）

文章目录

##关系型数据库介绍
###数据结构模型
数据结构模型主要有：

层次模型
网状结构
关系模型(存放在硬盘)

关系模型：
二维关系：row，column

数据库管理系统：DBMS
关系：Relational，RDBMS
####RDBMS专业名词
常见的关系模型数据库管理系统：

MySQL：MySQL，MariaDB，Percona-Server
PostgreSQL：简称为pgsql
Oracle
MSSQL

**SQL:**Structure Query Language，结构化查询语言
**约束:**constraint，向数据表提供的数据要遵守的限制

主键约束：一个或多个字段的组合，填入的数据必须能在本表中唯一标识本行。且必须提供数据，不能为空（NOT NULL）。
- 一个表只能存在一个
惟一键约束：一个或多个字段的组合，填入的数据必须能在本表中唯一标识本行。允许为空（NULL）
- 一个表可以存在多个
外键约束：一个表中的某字段可填入数据取决于另一个表的主键已有的数据
检查性约束

**索引:**将表中的一个或多个字段中的数据复制一份另存，并且这些数据需要按特定次序排序存储
###关系型数据库的常见组件
关系型数据库的常见组件有：

数据库：database
表：table，由行（row）和列（column）组成
索引：index
视图：view
用户：user
权限：privilege
存储过程：procedure
存储函数：function
触发器：trigger
事件调度器：event scheduler

###SQL语句
SQL语句有三种类型：

DDL：Data Defination Language，数据定义语言
DML：Data Manipulation Language，数据操纵语言
DCL：Data Control Language，数据控制语言

SQL语句类型	对应操作
DDL	CREATE：创建 DROP：删除 ALTER：修改
DML	INSERT：向表中插入数据 DELETE：删除表中数据 UPDATE：更新表中数据 SELECT：查询表中数据
DCL	GRANT：授权 REVOKE：移除授权

##mysql安装与配置
###mysql安装
mysql安装方式有三种：

源代码：编译安装
二进制格式的程序包：展开至特定路径，并经过简单配置后即可使用
程序包管理器管理的程序包：
- rpm：有两种
  - OS Vendor：操作系统发行商提供的
  - 项目官方提供的
- deb

####源码安装mysql：
安装源码包

[root@localhost ~]# wget http://dev.mysql.com/get/mysql57-community-release-el7-11.noarch.rpm
--2022-07-22 20:06:31--  http://dev.mysql.com/get/mysql57-community-release-el7-11.noarch.rpm
Resolving dev.mysql.com (dev.mysql.com)... 23.64.178.143, 2600:140b:2:a9b::2e31, 2600:140b:2:a93::2e31
Connecting to dev.mysql.com (dev.mysql.com)|23.64.178.143|:80... connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 301 Moved Permanently
Location: https://dev.mysql.com/get/mysql57-community-release-el7-11.noarch.rpm [following]
--2022-07-22 20:06:31--  https://dev.mysql.com/get/mysql57-community-release-el7-11.noarch.rpm
Connecting to dev.mysql.com (dev.mysql.com)|23.64.178.143|:443... connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 302 Moved Temporarily
Location: https://repo.mysql.com//mysql57-community-release-el7-11.noarch.rpm [following]
--2022-07-22 20:06:32--  https://repo.mysql.com//mysql57-community-release-el7-11.noarch.rpm
Resolving repo.mysql.com (repo.mysql.com)... 23.58.116.230
Connecting to repo.mysql.com (repo.mysql.com)|23.58.116.230|:443... connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK
Length: 25680 (25K) [application/x-redhat-package-manager]
Saving to: ‘mysql57-community-release-el7-11.noarch.rpm’

mysql57-community 100%[===========>]  25.08K   167KB/s    in 0.2s    

2022-07-22 20:06:33 (167 KB/s) - ‘mysql57-community-release-el7-11.noarch.rpm’ saved [25680/25680]

[root@localhost ~]# lls
-bash: lls: command not found
[root@localhost ~]# ls
anaconda-ks.cfg  mysql57-community-release-el7-11.noarch.rpm

[root@localhost ~]# rpm -Uvh mysql57-community-release-el7-11.noarch.rpm 
warning: mysql57-community-release-el7-11.noarch.rpm: Header V3 DSA/SHA1 Signature, key ID 5072e1f5: NOKEY
Verifying...                          ################################# [100%]
Preparing...                          ################################# [100%]
	package mysql57-community-release-el7-11.noarch is already installed
[root@localhost ~]# ls /etc/yum.repos.d/
mysql-community.repo  mysql-community-source.repo  xx.repo
[root@localhost ~]#

下载mysql的服务包，数据库的客户包，数据库的命令包，数据库的工具包

首先，需要先禁用mysql模块
[root@localhost ~]# yum module disable mysql
Last metadata expiration check: 0:13:06 ago on Fri 22 Jul 2022 09:25:48 PM CST.
Dependencies resolved.
==================================================================================================
 Package                Architecture          Version                Repository              Size
==================================================================================================
Disabling modules:
 mysql                                                                                           

Transaction Summary
==================================================================================================

Is this ok [y/N]: y
Complete!

再下载包
[root@localhost ~]# yum -y install mysql-community-server mysql-community-client  mysql-community-common mysql-community-devel  --nogpgcheck
一定要加nogpgcheck

查看
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -qa | grep mysql
mysql57-community-release-el7-11.noarch
mysql-community-libs-5.7.38-1.el7.x86_64
mysql-community-server-5.7.38-1.el7.x86_64
mysql-community-common-5.7.38-1.el7.x86_64
mysql-community-client-5.7.38-1.el7.x86_64
mysql-community-devel-5.7.38-1.el7.x86_64
[root@localhost ~]#

启动数据库设置开启自启

[root@localhost ~]# systemctl status mysqld
● mysqld.service - MySQL Server
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/mysqld.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled)
   Active: active (running) since Fri 2022-07-22 21:43:52 CST; 43s ago
     Docs: man:mysqld(8)
           http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/using-systemd.html
  Process: 4562 ExecStart=/usr/sbin/mysqld --daemonize --pid-file=/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid $MYS>
  Process: 4513 ExecStartPre=/usr/bin/mysqld_pre_systemd (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
 Main PID: 4565 (mysqld)
    Tasks: 27 (limit: 4840)
   Memory: 267.9M
   CGroup: /system.slice/mysqld.service
           └─4565 /usr/sbin/mysqld --daemonize --pid-file=/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid

Jul 22 21:43:50 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Starting MySQL Server...
Jul 22 21:43:52 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Started MySQL Server.
lines 1-15/15 (END)

[root@localhost ~]# ss -antl
State       Recv-Q       Send-Q             Local Address:Port             Peer Address:Port      
LISTEN      0            128                      0.0.0.0:22                    0.0.0.0:*         
LISTEN      0            80                             *:3306                        *:*         
LISTEN      0            128                         [::]:22                       [::]:*         
[root@localhost ~]#

找到数据库的临时密码

[root@localhost ~]# grep "password"  /var/log/mysqld.log 
2022-07-22T13:43:51.031414Z 1 [Note] A temporary password is generated for root@localhost: hjpf7dy!uJp4
[root@localhost ~]#

登入数据库

[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -p
Enter password: 
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 3
Server version: 5.7.38

Copyright (c) 2000, 2022, Oracle and/or its affiliates.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

mysql>

修改数据库密码

1.设置密码安全性
mysql> set global validate_password_policy=0;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

2.设置密码长度
mysql> set global validate_password_length=1;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

设置密码
mysql> alter user 'root'@'localhost' identified by '@123';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> 

退出验证
mysql> quit
Bye

[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -p
Enter password: 
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 4
Server version: 5.7.38 MySQL Community Server (GPL)

Copyright (c) 2000, 2022, Oracle and/or its affiliates.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

mysql>

记得删除mysql的源码包，避免mysql自动升级

[root@localhost ~]# rpm -e mysql57-community-release
[root@localhost ~]# ls /etc/yum.repos.d/
xx.repo
[root@localhost ~]#

下载mariadb

[root@zzz ~]# mount /dev/cdrom /mnt/
mount: /mnt: WARNING: device write-protected, mounted read-only.
[root@zzz ~]# yum install -y mariadb*

查看

[root@zzz ~]# systemctl enable --now mariadb
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/mysql.service → /usr/lib/systemd/system/mariadb.service.
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/mysqld.service → /usr/lib/systemd/system/mariadb.service.
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/mariadb.service → /usr/lib/systemd/system/mariadb.service.
[root@zzz ~]# systemctl start mariadb
[root@zzz ~]# ss -antl
State      Recv-Q     Send-Q         Local Address:Port           Peer Address:Port     
LISTEN     0          80                   0.0.0.0:3306                0.0.0.0:*        
LISTEN     0          128                  0.0.0.0:22                  0.0.0.0:*        
LISTEN     0          128                     [::]:22                     [::]:*        
[root@zzz ~]#

进入到数据库（mariadb第一次不需要密码）

[root@zzz ~]# mysql
Welcome to the MariaDB monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MariaDB connection id is 8
Server version: 10.3.17-MariaDB MariaDB Server

Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

MariaDB [(none)]>

设置密码

MariaDB [(none)]> set password  = password('@123');
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.001 sec)

MariaDB [(none)]>

验证

[root@zzz ~]# mysql -uroot -p
Enter password: 
Welcome to the MariaDB monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MariaDB connection id is 10
Server version: 10.3.17-MariaDB MariaDB Server

Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

MariaDB [(none)]>