promise对象的方法:then、catch、all、race
then
then方法接受两个参数,onFulfilled(状态变为fullfilled的回调)和onRejected(状态变为rejected的回调)。返回一个新的promise对象,返回的promise对象的状态与then的参数(onFulfilled、onRejected)和onFulfilled、onRejected方法中返回的值有关。
1. then方法不传参数
如果不传参数,则then方法返回的promise和调用then的promise的状态一致。
更具体地,如果没有onFullfilled参数并且promise的状态为fullfilled,那么then方法返回的promise和调用then方法的promise状态一致;如果没有onRejected参数并且promise状态为rejected,那么then方法返回的promise和调用then方法的promise状态一致。
可以简单地理解:如果上一个promise不处理,那就下一个promise处理。
var p = new Promise(resolve => {
throw new Error('test');
});
p
.then(
)
.then(
data => console.log('resolve', data),
err => console.log('reject', err)
);
// 执行结果
reject Error: test
var p = new Promise(resolve => {
resolve('test');
});
p
.then(
undefined, () => {}
)
.then(
data => console.log('resolve', data),
err => console.log('reject', err)
);
// 执行结果
resolve test
2. 回调不返回值
无论onFullfilled中还是onRejected中,不返回值(即默认返回undefined),则then返回的新promise的状态变为fullfilled,值为undefined。
var p = new Promise(resolve => {
resolve('test');
});
p
.then(
() => {}
)
.then(
data => console.log('resolve', data),
err => console.log('reject', err)
);
// 执行结果
resolve undefined
var p = new Promise(resolve => {
throw new Error('test');
});
p
.then(
() => {},
() => {}
)
.then(
data => console.log('resolve', data),
err => console.log('reject', err)
);
// 执行结果
resolve undefined
3. 返回普通值
无论onFullfilled中还是onRejected中,返回普通值,则then返回的新promise的状态变为fullfilled,值为这个值。普通值指的是,非promise对象、非thenable对象(含有then方法的对象)。
var p = new Promise(resolve => {
resolve('test');
});
p
.then(
() => {return 'a'},
() => {return {b: 1}}
)
.then(
data => console.log('resolve', data),
err => console.log('reject', err)
);
// 执行结果
resolve a
var p = new Promise(resolve => {
throw new Error('test');
});
p
.then(
() => {return 'a'},
() => {return {b: 1}}
)
.then(
data => console.log('resolve', data),
err => console.log('reject', err)
)
// 执行结果
resolve {b: 1}
4. 返回promise
无论onFullfilled中还是onRejected中,返回一个promise对象,则以该promise的任务和状态返回新的promise。
var p = new Promise(resolve => {
throw new Error('test');
});
p
.then(
() => {},
() => {return Promise.resolve('yes');}
)
.then(
data => console.log('resolve', data),
err => console.log('reject', err)
);
// 执行结果
resolve yes
var p = new Promise(resolve => {
resolve('test');
});
p
.then(
() => {return Promise.reject('error');},
() => {return {a: 1}}
)
.then(
data => console.log('resolve', data),
err => console.log('reject', err)
);
// 执行结果
reject error
5. 返回thenable
无论onFullfilled中还是onRejected中,返回一个thenable对象,则调用该对象的then方法,该then方法接收两个参数resolvePromise和rejectPromise,如果then中调用了resolvePromise,则返回的promise状态置为fullfilled,如果then中调用了rejectPromise,或者then中抛出异常,则返回的Promise状态置为rejected,在调用resolvePromise或者rejectPromise之前,返回的promise处于pending状态。
var p = new Promise((r) => {throw new Error('test')});
p
.then(
() => ({then: function(resolvePromise, rejectPromise) {resolvePromise('resolvePromise')}}),
e => ({then: function(resolvePromise, rejectPromise) {rejectPromise('rejectPromise')}})
)
.then(
data => console.log('resolve', data),
e => console.log('reject', e)
);
// 执行结果
reject rejectPromise
var p = new Promise((r) => {throw new Error('test')});
p
.then(
() => ({then: function(resolvePromise, rejectPromise) {}}),
e => ({then: function(resolvePromise, rejectPromise) {}})
)
.then(
data => console.log('resolve', data),
e => console.log('reject', e)
);
// 执行结果
promise 处于pending状态
var p = new Promise((r) => {throw new Error('test')});
p
.then(
() => {return {then: function(resolvePromise, rejectPromise) {resolve('resolvePromise')}}},
e => {return {then: function(resolvePromise, rejectPromise) {throw new Error('surprise')}}}
)
.then(
data => console.log('resolve', data),
e => {console.error('reject', e)}
);
// 执行结果
reject Error: surprise
6. 抛出错误
无论onFullfilled中还是onRejected中,抛出错误,则以rejected为状态返回新promise。
var p = new Promise(resolve => {resolve('test')});
p
.then(
() => {throw new Error('1')},
e => {return true}
)
.then(
data => console.log('resolve', data),
e => {console.error('reject', e)}
);
// 执行结果
reject Error: 1
var p = new Promise((r) => {throw new Error('test')});
p
.then(
() => {return true},
e => {throw new Error('2')}
)
.then(
data => console.log('resolve', data),
e => {console.error('reject', e)}
);
// 执行结果
reject Error: 2
catch
catch方法和then方法的reject回调用法相同,如果这时候任务处于rejected状态,则直接执行catch,catch的参数就是reject的reason;如果任务处于pending状态,则注册catch回调,等到状态变成rejected时候再执行。
p.then((val) => console.log('fulfilled:', val))
.catch((err) => console.log('rejected', err));
// 等同于
p.then((val) => console.log('fulfilled:', val))
.then(null, (err) => console.log("rejected:", err));
all
Promise.all方法用于多个异步任务执行,当所有任务都正常完成时候,再做后面处理的场景。
Promise.all方法接收一个promise数组作为参数,返回一个promise,当参数的数组中的所有promise都resolve时候,返回的promise才会resolve;而若有一个参数的数组中的promise reject,返回的promise就会reject。
Promise.all方法返回的promise的then的第一个参数onFullfilled回调的参数也是一个数组,对应参数中的数组promise resolve的结果。
const p1 = Promise.resolve(1);
const p2 = new Promise(resolve => {
setTimeout(() => {
resolve(2);
}, 1000);
});
Promise.all([p1, p2])
.then(
([result1, result2]) => {console.log('resolve', result1, result2);}
);
// 执行结果
resolve 1 2
const p1 = Promise.reject(1);
const p2 = new Promise(resolve => {
setTimeout(() => {
resolve(2);
}, 1000);
});
Promise.all([p1, p2])
.then(
([result1, result2]) => {console.log('resolve', result1, result2);},
e => console.log('reject', e)
);
// 执行结果
reject 1
race
Promise.race方法用于多个异步任务执行,当有其中一个任务完成或失败时候,就执行后续处理的场景。
Promise.race接收一个promise数组作为参数,返回一个新的promise。当参数数组中其中一个promise resolve或者reject,返回的promise就相应地改变状态。
var p1 = Promise.reject(1);
var p2 = new Promise(resolve => {
setTimeout(() => {
resolve(2);
}, 1000);
});
Promise.race([p1, p2])
.then(
data => {console.log('resolve', data);},
e => {console.log('reject', e);}
);
// 执行结果
reject 1
allSettled
Promise.allSettled用于多个异步任务都结束(完成或者失败)时候,再执行后续任务的场景。
Promise.allSettled接收一个promise数组作为参数,返回一个promise。当参数数组中所有promise状态改变后,返回的promise变为fullfilled状态。
返回的promise的onFullfilled参数接收一个结果数组作为参数,数组对应Promise.allSettled传入的promise数组。结果数组每个元素是一个对象,格式固定:{status, value, reason},标识状态、resolve返回值、reject原因。
var p1 = Promise.reject(1);
var p2 = new Promise(resolve => {
setTimeout(() => {
resolve(2);
}, 1000);
});
Promise.allSettled([p1, p2])
.then(
data => {console.log('resolve', data);},
);
// 执行结果
resolve [{status: "rejected", reason: 1}, {status: "fulfilled", value: 2}]