运算符重载概念:对已有的运算符重新进行定义,赋予其另一种功能,以适应不同的数据类型
1. 加号运算符重载
作用:实现两个自定义数据类型相加的运算
对于C++内置的数据类型,编译器知道如何运算
示例:
int a = 10;
int b = 10;
int c = a + b;
但是,你自己写的,或者说是你自定义的数据类型的加、减、乘、除、赋值等操作,编译器识别不了这种指令
示例:
class Person
{
public:
int m_a;
int m_b;
};
Person p1;
p1.m_a = 10;
p1.m_b = 10;
Person p2;
p2.m_a = 20;
p2.m_b = 20;
person p3 = p1 + p2; //报错,编译器不能实现这种两个自定义数据类型的相加运算
这种情况下,可以通过自己写成员函数,实现两个对象相加后返回新的对象
示例:
Person PersonAddPerson(Person &p)
{
Person temp;
temp.m_a = this->m_a + p.m_a;
temp.m_b = this->m_b + p.m_b;
return temp;
}
但这种情况下,每个人起得函数名(比如这里我用的PersonAddPerson)都不一样,就很不方便人看懂(不像int 、float一样人人皆知),编译器就给提供了一个统一的函数名:operator+
//通过成员函数重载加号
Person operator+(Person &p)
{
Person temp;
temp.m_a = this->m_a + p.m_a;
temp.m_b = this->m_b + p.m_b;
return temp;
}
Person p3 = p1.operator+(p2);
还可以简化为:
Person p3 = p1 + p2;
//通过全局函数重载加号
Person operator+(Person &p1, Person &p2)
{
Person temp;
temp.m_a = p1.m_a + p2.m_a;
temp.m_b = p1.m_b + p2.m_b;
return temp;
}
Person p3 = operator+(p1, p2);
还可以简化为:
Person p3 = p1 + p2;
完整代码:
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
//加号运算符重载
class Person
{
public:
//1、成员函数重载
// Person operator+(Person &p)
// {
// Person temp;
// temp.m_a = this->m_a + p.m_a;
// temp.m_b = this->m_b + p.m_b;
// return temp;
// }
int m_a;
int m_b;
};
//2、全局函数重载
Person operator+(Person &p1, Person &p2)
{
Person temp;
temp.m_a = p1.m_a + p2.m_a;
temp.m_b = p1.m_b + p2.m_b;
return temp;
}
//函数重载的版本
Person operator+(Person &p1, int num)
{
Person temp;
temp.m_a = p1.m_a + num;
temp.m_b = p1.m_b + num;
return temp;
}
void test01()
{
Person p1;
p1.m_a = 10;
p1.m_b = 11;
Person p2;
p2.m_a = 12;
p2.m_b = 13;
//成员函数重载的本质调用
// Person p3 = p1.operator+(p2);
//全局函数重载的本质调用
// Person p3 = operator+(p1, p2);
//二者统一的简化调用
Person p3 = p1 + p2;
//运算符重载,也可以发生函数重载
Person p4 = p3 + 10;
cout << "p3.m_a = " << p3.m_a << endl;
cout << "p3.m_b = " << p3.m_b << endl;
cout << "p4.m_a = " << p4.m_a << endl;
cout << "p4.m_b = " << p4.m_b << endl;
}
int main()
{
test01();
return 0;
}
输出:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
p3.m_a = 22
p3.m_b = 24
p4.m_a = 32
p4.m_b = 34
总结1:对于内置的数据类型的表达式的运算符是不能改变的
总结2:不要滥用运算符重载(命名写的operator+,意味着加法运算,但实际上函数体却是减法运算。可以正常执行,但会误导看你代码的人,不规范)
2. 左移运算符重载
//正常情况
int a = 10;
cout << a << endl;
//报错
Person p;
p.m_a = 10;
p.m_b = 10;
cout << p << endl;
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
//左移运算符重载
class Person
{
friend void operator<<(ostream &cout, Person &p);
friend void test01(); //test01()不能定义成友函数,因为不是符合要求的全局函数
public:
Person(int a, int b)
{
m_a = a;
m_b = b;
}
private:
//利用成员函数重载左移运算符
//p.operator<<(cout) 对应的简化版本:p << cout,这时cout在p的右侧
//因此通常不会利用成员函数重载左移运算符
// void operator<<(cout){}
int m_a;
int m_b;
};
//只能利用全局函数重载左移运算符
void operator<<(ostream &cout, Person &p) //本质:operator<<(cout, p),简化为cout << p
{
cout << "m_a = " << p.m_a << endl;
cout << "m_b = " << p.m_b << endl;
}
void test01()
{
Person p(10, 10);
// Person p; //报错:类 "Person" 不存在默认构造函数C/C++(291)
// p.m_a = 10;
// p.m_b = 11;
cout << p;
}
int main()
{
test01();
return 0;
}
输出:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
m_a = 10
m_b = 10
总结:重载左移运算符配合友元可以实现输出自定义数据类型
3. 递增运算符重载
作用:通过重载递增运算符,实现自己的整型数据
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
//重载递增运算符
//自定义整型
class MyInteger
{
friend ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, MyInteger myint);
public:
MyInteger()
{
m_num = 0;
}
//重载前置++运算符,返回引用MyInteger&,而不是MyInteger的目的是为了一直对同一块内存空间进行递增操作
//如果返回MyInteger的话,链式调用++(++myint)不成立,每次都会重新申请内存空间,只能在原数据基础上+1
MyInteger& operator++()
{
//先进行++运算
m_num++;
//再将自身做返回
return *this;
}
//重载后置++运算符
//int是占位参数,无作用,只是为了区分重载前置++和后置++
//后置递增返回值而不是引用,因为后置递增需要返回一个临时变量,而引用无法返回临时变量
MyInteger operator++(int)
{
//先记录数据来时候的结果
MyInteger temp = *this;
//后递增
m_num++;
//再将数据返回
return temp;
}
private:
int m_num;
};
//重载左移运算符
ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, MyInteger myint)
{
out << myint.m_num;
return out;
}
void test01()
{
MyInteger myint;
cout << ++(++myint) << endl;
cout << myint << endl;
}
void test02()
{
MyInteger myint;
cout << myint++ << endl;
cout << myint << endl;
}
int main()
{
test01();
test02();
return 0;
}
输出:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2
2
0
1
4. 赋值运算符重载
C++编译器至少给一个类添加4个函数
- 默认构造函数(无参,函数体为空)
- 默认析构函数(无参,函数体为空)
- 默认拷贝构造函数,对属性进行值拷贝
- 赋值运算符
operator=
,对属性进行值拷贝
如果类中有属性指向堆区,做赋值操作时,也会出现深浅拷贝的问题。
示例:
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
//赋值运算符重载
class Person
{
public:
Person(int age)
{
m_age = new int(age); //堆中的数据需要程序员手动释放
}
~Person()
{
if(m_age != NULL)
{
delete m_age;
m_age = NULL;
}
}
//重载赋值运算符
//如果返回Person,相当于用拷贝构造函数复制了一个新的对象(地址不同);返回Person&,才是对象本身(地址相同)
Person& operator=(Person &p)
{
//编译器默认提供的是浅拷贝
// m_age = p.m_age;
//我们需要用深拷贝,先判断是否有属性在堆区,如果有,先释放干净,再深拷贝
if(m_age != NULL)
{
delete m_age;
m_age = NULL;
}
//深拷贝
m_age = new int(*p.m_age);
//返回对象本身
return *this;
}
int *m_age;
};
void test01()
{
Person p1(18);
Person p2(20);
Person p3(30);
p3 = p2 = p1; //赋值操作,p1、p2、p3指向同一块内存
cout << "p1的年龄:" << *p1.m_age << endl;
cout << "p2的年龄:" << *p2.m_age << endl;
cout << "p3的年龄:" << *p3.m_age << endl;
}
int main()
{
test01();
int a = 10;
int b = 20;
int c = 30;
c = b = a; //从后往前赋值,c=b=a=10
cout << "a = " << a << endl;
cout << "b = " << b << endl;
cout << "c = " << c << endl;
// system("read -p '按任意键继续...' var");
return 0;
}
输出:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
p1的年龄:18
p2的年龄:18
p3的年龄:18
a = 10
b = 10
c = 10
5. 关系运算符重载
作用:重载关系运算符,可以让两个自定义类型对象进行对比操作
示例:
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
//重载关系运算符
class Person
{
public:
Person(string name, int age)
{
m_name = name;
m_age = age;
}
//重载"=="
bool operator==(Person &p)
{
if (p.m_name == this->m_name && p.m_age == this->m_age)
{
return true;
}
else
{
return false;
}
}
//重载"!="
bool operator!=(Person &p)
{
if (p.m_name == this->m_name && p.m_age == this->m_age)
{
return false;
}
else
{
return true;
}
}
string m_name;
int m_age;
};
void test01()
{
Person p1("Tom", 18);
Person p2("James", 19);
if (p1 == p2)
{
cout << "p1与p2相等" << endl;
}
else
{
cout << "p1与p2不相等" << endl;
}
if (p1 != p2)
{
cout << "p1与p2不相等" << endl;
}
else
{
cout << "p1与p2相等" << endl;
}
}
int main()
{
test01();
return 0;
}
输出:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
p1与p2不相等
p1与p2不相等
6. 函数调用运算符重载
- 函数调用运算符
()
也可以重载 - 由于重载后使用的方式非常像函数的调用,因此称为仿函数
- 仿函数没有固定写法,非常灵活
示例:
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
//函数调用运算符重载
class MyPrint
{
public:
void operator()(string test)
{
cout << test << endl;
}
};
void MyPrint02(string test)
{
cout << test << endl;
}
void test01()
{
MyPrint myPrint;
myPrint("hello world"); //使用起来非常类似于汉航速调用,因此称为仿函数
MyPrint02("hello world");
}
//仿函数非常灵活,没有固定写法
//加法类
class MyAdd
{
public:
int operator()(int v1, int v2)
{
return v1 + v2;
}
};
void test02()
{
MyAdd myAdd;
int ret = myAdd(10, 10);
cout << "ret = " << ret << endl;
//匿名函数对象,当前行执行完立即被释放
cout << MyAdd()(10, 10) << endl;
}
int main()
{
test01();
test02();
return 0;
}
输出:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
hello world
hello world
ret = 20
20