MySQL多实例部署
软件下载
//下载二进制格式的mysql软件包
[root@localhost ~]# cd /usr/src/
[root@localhost src]# wget https://downloads.mysql.com/archives/get/file/mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz
配置用户和组并解压二进制程序至/usr/local下
//创建用户和组
[root@localhost src] groupadd -r mysql</em></span>
[root@localhost src]useradd -M -s /sbin/nologin -g mysql mysql
//解压软件至/usr/local/
[root@localhost src]# ls
debug kernels mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz
[root@localhost src]# tar xf mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz -C /usr/local/
[root@localhost ~]# ls /usr/local/
bin games lib libexec sbin src
etc include lib64 mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64 share
[root@localhost ~]# cd /usr/local/
[root@localhost local]# ln -sv mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/ mysql
‘mysql’ -> ‘mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/’
[root@localhost local]# ll
total 0
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Mar 10 2016 bin
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Mar 10 2016 etc
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Mar 10 2016 games
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Mar 10 2016 include
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Mar 10 2016 lib
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Mar 10 2016 lib64
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Mar 10 2016 libexec
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 36 Aug 14 16:00 mysql -> mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/
drwxr-xr-x 9 root root 129 Aug 14 00:16 mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Mar 10 2016 sbin
drwxr-xr-x. 5 root root 49 Jun 13 19:03 share
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Mar 10 2016 src
//修改目录/usr/local/mysql的属主属组
[root@localhost ~]# chown -R mysql.mysql /usr/local/mysql
[root@localhost ~]# ll /usr/local/mysql -d
lrwxrwxrwx 1 mysql mysql 36 Aug 14 16:00 /usr/local/mysql -> mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/
//配置环境变量
[root@localhost ~]# echo 'export PATH=/usr/local/mysql/bin:$PATH' > /etc/profile.d/mysql.sh
[root@localhost ~]# . /etc/profile.d/mysql.sh
[root@localhost ~]# echo $PATH
/usr/local/mysql/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/root/bin
创建各实例数据事件的目录
[root@localhost ~]# mkdir -p /opt/data/{3306,3307,3308}
[root@localhost ~]# chown -R mysql.mysql /opt/data/
[root@localhost ~]# ll /opt/data/
总用量 0
drwxr-xr-x 2 mysql mysql 6 5月 9 21:24 3306
drwxr-xr-x 2 mysql mysql 6 5月 9 21:24 3307
drwxr-xr-x 2 mysql mysql 6 5月 9 21:24 3308
[root@localhost ~]# tree /opt/data/
/opt/data/
├── 3306
├── 3307
└── 3308
3 directories, 0 files
初始化各实例
//初始化3306实例
[root@localhost ~]# mysqld --initialize --datadir=/opt/data/3306 --user=mysql
2019-05-10T01:43:33.987463Z 0 [Warning] TIMESTAMP with implicit DEFAULT value is deprecated. Please use --explicit_defaults_for_timestamp server option (see documentation for more details).
2019-05-10T01:43:34.565759Z 0 [Warning] InnoDB: New log files created, LSN=45790
2019-05-10T01:43:34.733540Z 0 [Warning] InnoDB: Creating foreign key constraint system tables.
2019-05-10T01:43:34.808595Z 0 [Warning] No existing UUID has been found, so we assume that this is the first time that this server has been started. Generating a new UUID: 061b480e-72c5-11e9-ae30-000c29c0ed3b.
2019-05-10T01:43:34.810131Z 0 [Warning] Gtid table is not ready to be used. Table 'mysql.gtid_executed' cannot be opened.
2019-05-10T01:43:34.837499Z 1 [Note] A temporary password is generated for root@localhost: Y=lJV79Rkx,d
[root@localhost ~]# echo 'Y=lJV79Rkx,d' > 3306_pass
//初始化3307实例
[root@localhost ~]# mysqld --initialize --datadir=/opt/data/3307 --user=mysql
2019-05-10T01:45:41.206120Z 0 [Warning] TIMESTAMP with implicit DEFAULT value is deprecated. Please use --explicit_defaults_for_timestamp server option (see documentation for more details).
2019-05-10T01:45:42.082891Z 0 [Warning] InnoDB: New log files created, LSN=45790
2019-05-10T01:45:42.258639Z 0 [Warning] InnoDB: Creating foreign key constraint system tables.
2019-05-10T01:45:42.352269Z 0 [Warning] No existing UUID has been found, so we assume that this is the first time that this server has been started. Generating a new UUID: 5220e72b-72c5-11e9-b195-000c29c0ed3b.
2019-05-10T01:45:42.353339Z 0 [Warning] Gtid table is not ready to be used. Table 'mysql.gtid_executed' cannot be opened.
2019-05-10T01:45:42.354494Z 1 [Note] A temporary password is generated for root@localhost: bpG+yqeGN8G:
[root@localhost ~]# echo 'bpG+yqeGN8G:' > 3307_pass
//初始化3308实例
[root@localhost ~]# mysqld --initialize --datadir=/opt/data/3308 --user=mysql
2019-05-10T01:46:52.707755Z 0 [Warning] TIMESTAMP with implicit DEFAULT value is deprecated. Please use --explicit_defaults_for_timestamp server option (see documentation for more details).
2019-05-10T01:46:53.546346Z 0 [Warning] InnoDB: New log files created, LSN=45790
2019-05-10T01:46:53.732779Z 0 [Warning] InnoDB: Creating foreign key constraint system tables.
2019-05-10T01:46:53.810767Z 0 [Warning] No existing UUID has been found, so we assume that this is the first time that this server has been started. Generating a new UUID: 7cb89aad-72c5-11e9-b5a1-000c29c0ed3b.
2019-05-10T01:46:53.813509Z 0 [Warning] Gtid table is not ready to be used. Table 'mysql.gtid_executed' cannot be opened.
2019-05-10T01:46:53.815051Z 1 [Note] A temporary password is generated for root@localhost: wior7yf:1Awu
[root@localhost ~]# echo 'wior7yf:1Awu' > 3308_pass
安装perl
[root@localhost ~]# yum -y install perl
配置配置文件/etc/my.cnf
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf
[mysqld_multi]
mysqld = /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld_safe
mysqladmin = /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqladmin
[mysqld3306]
datadir = /opt/data/3306
port = 3306
socket = /tmp/mysql3306.sock
pid-file = /opt/data/3306/mysql_3306.pid
log-error=/var/log/3306.log
[mysqld3307]
datadir = /opt/data/3307
port = 3307
socket = /tmp/mysql3307.sock
pid-file = /opt/data/3307/mysql_3307.pid
log-error=/var/log/3307.log
[mysqld3308]
datadir = /opt/data/3308
port = 3308
socket = /tmp/mysql3308.sock
pid-file = /opt/data/3308/mysql_3308.pid
log-error=/var/log/3308.log
启动各实例
[root@localhost ~]# mysqld_multi start 3306
[root@localhost ~]# mysqld_multi start 3307
[root@localhost ~]# mysqld_multi start 3308
[root@localhost ~]# ss -antl
State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port
LISTEN 0 128 *:22 *:*
LISTEN 0 100 127.0.0.1:25 *:*
LISTEN 0 80 :::3307 :::*
LISTEN 0 80 :::3308 :::*
LISTEN 0 128 :::22 :::*
LISTEN 0 100 ::1:25 :::*
LISTEN 0 80 :::3306 :::*
初始化密码
[root@localhost ~]# ls
3306_pass 3307_pass 3308_pass anaconda-ks.cfg
[root@localhost ~]# cat 3306_pass
Y=lJV79Rkx,d
[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -p'Y=lJV79Rkx,d' -S /tmp/mysql3306.sock
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 3
Server version: 5.7.22
Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
mysql> set password = password('wangqing123!');
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.01 sec)
mysql> quit
Bye
[root@localhost ~]# cat 3307_pass
bpG+yqeGN8G:
[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -p'bpG+yqeGN8G:' -S /tmp/mysql3307.sock -e 'set password = password("wangqing123!");' --connect-expired-password
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
[root@localhost ~]# cat 3308_pass
wior7yf:1Awu
[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -p'wior7yf:1Awu' -S /tmp/mysql3308.sock -e 'set password = password("wangqing123!");' --connect-expired-password
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
多实例设置开机自启
1、把/usr/local/mysql/bin/support_files/mysqld_multi.service文件复制到/etc/init.d/mysqld_multi
2、在/etc/init.d/mysqld_multi文件中增加环境变量设置exoprt PATH=/usr/local/mysql/bin:$PATH
3、chkconfig --add mysqld_multi
Xtrabackup备份与恢复
1. Xtrabackup介绍
MySQL冷备、mysqldump、MySQL热拷贝都无法实现对数据库进行增量备份。在实际生产环境中增量备份是非常实用的,如果数据大于50G或100G,存储空间足够的情况下,可以每天进行完整备份,如果每天产生的数据量较大,需要定制数据备份策略。例如每周实用完整备份,周一到周六实用增量备份。而Percona-Xtrabackup就是为了实现增量备份而出现的一款主流备份工具,xtrabakackup有2个工具,分别是xtrabakup、innobakupe。
Percona-xtrabackup是 Percona公司开发的一个用于MySQL数据库物理热备的备份工具,支持MySQL、Percona server和MariaDB,开源免费,是目前较为受欢迎的主流备份工具。xtrabackup只能备份innoDB和xtraDB两种数据引擎的表,而不能备份MyISAM数据表。
2. Xtrabackup优点
- 备份速度快,物理备份可靠
- 备份过程不会打断正在执行的事务(无需锁表)
- 能够基于压缩等功能节约磁盘空间和流量
- 自动备份校验
- 还原速度快
- 可以流传将备份传输到另外一台机器上
- 在不增加服务器负载的情况备份数据
3. Xtrabackup备份原理
(1)innobackupex启动后,会先fork一个进程,用于启动xtrabackup,然后等待xtrabackup备份ibd数据文件;
(2)xtrabackup在备份innoDB数据是,有2种线程:redo拷贝线程和ibd数据拷贝线程。xtrabackup进程开始执行后,会启动一个redo拷贝的线程,用于从最新的checkpoint点开始顺序拷贝redo.log;再启动ibd数据拷贝线程,进行拷贝ibd数据。这里是先启动redo拷贝线程的。在此阶段,innobackupex进行处于等待状态(等待文件被创建)
(4)xtrabackup拷贝完成ibd数据文件后,会通知innobackupex(通过创建文件),同时xtrabackup进入等待状态(redo线程依旧在拷贝redo.log)
(5)innobackupex收到xtrabackup通知后哦,执行FLUSH TABLES WITH READ LOCK(FTWRL),取得一致性位点,然后开始备份非InnoDB文件(如frm、MYD、MYI、CSV、opt、par等格式的文件),在拷贝非InnoDB文件的过程当中,数据库处于全局只读状态。
(6)当innobackup拷贝完所有的非InnoDB文件后,会通知xtrabackup,通知完成后,进入等待状态;
(7)xtrabackup收到innobackupex备份完成的通知后,会停止redo拷贝线程,然后通知innobackupex,redo.log文件拷贝完成;
(8)innobackupex收到redo.log备份完成后,就进行解锁操作,执行:UNLOCK TABLES;
(9)最后innbackupex和xtrabackup进程各自释放资源,写备份元数据信息等,innobackupex等xtrabackup子进程结束后退出。
4. xtrabackup的安装部署以及备份恢复实现
4.1 xtrabackup的安装
下载地址: https://centos.pkgs.org/8/percona-x86_64/
可以选择rpm包方式安装,也可以下载源码包编译安装,这里直接采用rpm包的方式进行安
[root@localhost ~]# wget https://repo.percona.com/yum/release/8/RPMS/x86_64/percona-xtrabackup-24-2.4.23-1.el8.x86_64.rpm
[root@localhost ~]# yum -y install percona-xtrabackup-24-2.4.23-1.el8.x86_64.rpm
Xtrabackup中主要包含两个工具: xtrabackup:是用于热备innodb,xtradb表中数据的工具,不能备份其他类型的表,也不能备份数据表结构; innobackupex:是将xtrabackup进行封装的perl脚本,提供了备份myisam表的能力。 常用选项: --host 指定主机 --user 指定用户名 --password 指定密码 --port 指定端口 --databases 指定数据库 --incremental 创建增量备份 --incremental-basedir 指定包含完全备份的目录 --incremental-dir 指定包含增量备份的目录 --apply-log 对备份进行预处理操作 一般情况下,在备份完成后,数据尚且不能用于恢复操作,因为备份的数据中可能会包含尚未提交的事务或已经提交但尚未同步至数据文件中的事务。因此,此时数据文件仍处理不一致状态。“准备”的主要作用正是通过回滚未提交的事务及同步已经提交的事务至数据文件也使得数据文件处于一致性状态。 --redo-only 不回滚未提交事务 --copy-back 恢复备份目录
4.2 xtrabackup全量备份与恢复
(1)准备(prepare)一个完全备份
一般情况下,在备份完成后,数据尚且不能用于恢复操作,因为备份的数据中可能会包含尚未提交的事务或者已经提交但尚未同步至数据文件中的事务。因此,此时数据文件仍处于不一致状态。"准备"的主要作用正是通过回滚未提交的事务及同步已经提交的事务至数据文件也使用得数据文件处于一致性状态。
(2)从一个完全备份中恢复数据
注意:恢复不用启动MySQL
innobackupex命令的--copy-back选项用于恢复操作,其通过复制所有数据相关的文件至mysql服务器DATADIR目录中来执行恢复过程。innobackupex通过backup-my.cnf来获取DATADIR目录的相关信息。
# innobackupex --copy-back /path/to/BACKUP-DIR
当数据恢复至DATADIR目录以后,还需要确保所有的数据文件的属主和属组均为正确的用户,如mysql,否则,在启动mysqld之前还需要事先修改数据文件的属主和属组。如:
# chown -R mysql.mysql /mydata/data/
全库备份与恢复三步曲:
a. innobackupex全量备份,并指定备份目录路径;
b. 在恢复前,需要使用--apply-log参数先进行合并数据文件,确保数据的一致性要求;
c. 恢复时,直接使用--copy-back参数进行恢复,需要注意的是,在my.cnf中要指定数据文件目录的路径。
4.3 xtrabackup增量备份与恢复
增量备份的恢复需要有3个步骤
-
恢复完全备份
-
恢复增量备份到完全备份(开始恢复的增量备份要添加--redo-only参数,到最后一次增量备份要去掉--redo-only)
-
对整体的完全备份进行恢复,回滚未提交的数据