MySQL之多表查询

#多表查询
/*前情回顾
SELECT ....,....,... 要查询的字段
FROM  .....要查询的表
WHERE.....AND/OR/NOT/BETWEEN AND....
ORDER BY .... DESC/ASC,....,....多级排序
LIMIT 位置偏移量,条目数
*/
#熟悉常见表 查看个表结构
DESC employees;

DESC departments;

DESC locations;

#查询我们的diana小姐所在城市的信息
#从员工表找到diana小姐
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE first_name='Diana';
#员工表信息得到diana小姐的部门id 在查询部门表
SELECT *
FROM departments
WHERE department_id=60;
#从部门表得到的location_id 在查询位置location表得到城市和国家id 
#简简单单开个盒
SELECT *
FROM locations
WHERE location_id=1400;

#多表的查询如何实现?
#出现笛卡尔积的错误
#错误的原因:缺少多表连接条件

#错误的实现方式:每个员工和每个部门都匹配了一遍
SELECT employee_id,department_name
FROM employees,departments;#查询出2889条记录

#错误的方式:
SELECT employee_id,department_name
FROM employees CROSS JOIN departments;#查询出2889条记录
#原因:缺少连接的条件
SELECT *
FROM employees;#查询出107条记录

SELECT 2889/107
FROM DUAL;

SELECT *
FROM departments;#查询出27条记录

#关联查询 多表查询,也称为关联查询,指两个或更多个表一起完成查询操作。

/*前提条件:这些一起查询的表之间是有关系的(一对一、一对多),它们之间一定是有关联字段,这个
关联字段可能建立了外键,也可能没有建立外键。比如:员工表和部门表,这两个表依靠“部门编号”进
行关联。*/

#多表查询的正确方式:需要有连接条件
SELECT employee_id,department_name
FROM employees,departments
#两个表的连接条件
WHERE employees.`department_id`=departments.`department_id`;#着重号可省略
#查询结果为106条记录因为表中有一名员工的部门位null
#如果查询语句中出现了多个表都存在的字段,则必须指明此字段所在的表。
SELECT employees.employee_id,departments.department_name,employees.department_id#这里department_id员工表和部门表都有所以需要指明
FROM employees,departments#两张表
WHERE employees.`department_id`=departments.`department_id`;#连接条件

#建议:从sql优化的角度,建议多表查询时,每个字段前都指明其所在的表。
,
#可以给表起别名,在SELECT和WHERE中可以使用表的别名 增加可读性
SELECT e.employee_id,d.department_name,e.department_id#这里department_id员工表和部门表都有所以需要指明
FROM employees e,departments d#两张表
WHERE e.`department_id`=d.`department_id`;#连接条件

#如果给表起了别名的,一旦在SELECT或WHERE中使用表名的话,则必须使用表的别名,而不能再使用表的原名。
#如下的操作是错误的
SELECT e.employee_id,departments.department_name,e.department_id
FROM employees e,departments d
WHERE employees.`department_id`=d.`department_id`;

#结论:如果有n个表实现多表查询,至少需要n-1个连接条件
#练习:查询员工的employee_id,last_name,department_name,city
SELECT e.`employee_id`,e.`last_name`,d.`department_name`,l.`city`
FROM employees e,departments d,locations l
WHERE e.`department_id`=d.`department_id` 
AND d.`location_id`=l.`location_id`;
/*
演绎式:提出问题1:----->解决问题1 ----->提出问题2----->解决问题2......

归纳式: 总-->分
*/
#多表查询的分类
/*
角度1:等值连接 vs 非等值连接
角度2:自连接 vs 非自连接
角度3:内连接 vs 外连接 
*/
#非等值连接的例子
SELECT *
FROM job_grades;
#练习查询员工姓名和工资和等级
#例子:非等值连接
SELECT e.last_name,e.salary,j.grade_level
FROM employees e,job_grades j
#where e.`salary`between j.`lowest_sal`and j.`highest_sal`;#工资在 之间
WHERE e.`salary` >=j.`lowest_sal` AND e.`salary`<=j.`highest_sal`

#自连接 vs 非自连接
#自连接的例子
#练习: 查询员工id,员工姓名及其管理者的id和姓名
SELECT emp.employee_id,emp.last_name,mrg.employee_id,mrg.last_name
FROM employees emp,employees mrg
WHERE emp.manager_id=mrg.`employee_id`

#内连接和外连接
#内连接:合并具有同一列的两个以上的表的行, 结果集中不包含一个表与另一个表不匹配的行
SELECT e.employee_id,d.department_name
FROM employees e,departments d
WHERE e.`department_id`=d.`department_id`;#只有106条记录
/*外连接:行合并具有同一列的两个以上的行,结果集中除了包含一个表与另一个表匹配的行之外,
还查询到了左表 或 右表中不匹配的。
 
 两个表在连接过程中除了返回满足连接条件的行以外还返回左(或右)表中不满足条件的
行 ,这种连接称为左(或右) 外连接。没有匹配的行时, 结果表中相应的列为空(NULL)。*/

#外连接的分类:左外连接,右外连接,满外连接
#左外连接:两个表在连接过程中除了返回满足连接条件的行以外还返回左表中不满足条件的,这种连接称为左外连接
#右外连接:两个表在连接过程中除了返回满足连接条件的行以外还返回右表中不满足条件的,这种连接称为右外连接

#练习: 查询`所有`员工的last_name,deparment_name信息(左外连接)

SELECT e.employee_id,d.department_name
FROM employees e,departments d
WHERE e.`department_id`=d.`department_id`;#需要左外连接 此方式有一名员工未被查询
#SLQ92语法实现内连接:见上,略
#SLQ92语法实现外连接:使用+号 -----------------MySQL不支持sql92语法中外连接写法!

SELECT e.employee_id,d.department_name
FROM employees e,departments d
WHERE e.`department_id`=d.`department_id`(+);#错误不支持sql92语法外连接写法
#sql99语法中使用JOIN..ON的方式实现多表查询。这种方式也能解决外连接的问题。mysql是支持此种方式的
SELECT e.last_name,d.department_name
FROM employees e INNER JOIN departments d#内连接 可省略inner
ON e.`department_id`=d.`department_id`
JOIN locations l
ON d.location_id=l.location_id;

#SQl99实现外连接:

#左外连接:
SELECT last_name,department_name
FROM employees e LEFT OUTER JOIN departments d# 写上left即outer可省略
ON e.`department_id`=d.`department_id`; 

#右外连接:
SELECT last_name,department_name
FROM employees e RIGHT OUTER JOIN departments d# 写上left即outer可省略
ON e.`department_id`=d.`department_id`; 

#满外连接:mysql 不支持 FULL OUTER JOIN
SELECT last_name,department_name
FROM employees e FULL OUTER JOIN departments d
ON e.`department_id`=d.`department_id`; 

#满外连接:
SELECT last_name,department_name
FROM employees e RIGHT JOIN departments d  
ON e.`department_id`=d.`department_id`
UNION ALL
SELECT last_name,department_name
FROM employees e LEFT JOIN departments d
ON e.`department_id`=d.`department_id`
WHERE e.`department_id` IS NULL;

#7中JOIN的实现 见资料

#中图:内连接(等值连接)
SELECT last_name,department_name
FROM employees e JOIN departments d
ON e.`department_id`=d.`department_id`;

#左上图:左外连接
SELECT last_name,department_name
FROM employees e LEFT JOIN departments d
ON e.`department_id`=d.`department_id`;

#左中图:
SELECT last_name,department_name
FROM employees e LEFT JOIN departments d
ON e.`department_id`=d.`department_id`
WHERE d.`department_id` IS NULL;

#右上图
SELECT last_name,department_name
FROM employees e RIGHT JOIN departments d
ON e.`department_id`=d.`department_id`;

#右中图
SELECT last_name,department_name
FROM employees e RIGHT JOIN departments d
ON e.`department_id`=d.`department_id`
WHERE e.`department_id` <=> NULL;

#左下图:全外连接
#方式一:左中图 加上 右上图
SELECT last_name,department_name#左中图
FROM employees e  LEFT JOIN departments d
ON e.`department_id`=d.`department_id`
WHERE d.`department_id`IS NULL
UNION ALL
SELECT last_name,department_name#右上图 右外连接
FROM employees e RIGHT JOIN departments d
ON e.`department_id`=d.`department_id`;
    
#方式二:右中图 加上 左上图
SELECT last_name,department_name
FROM employees e RIGHT OUTER JOIN departments d
ON e.`department_id` =d.`department_id`
WHERE e.`department_id` IS NULL
UNION ALL
SELECT last_name,department_name
FROM employees e LEFT OUTER JOIN departments d
ON e.`department_id`=d.`department_id`;

#右下图: 左中图加右中图
SELECT last_name,department_name
FROM employees e LEFT JOIN departments d  
ON e.`department_id`=e.`department_id`
WHERE d.`department_id` IS NULL
UNION ALL
SELECT last_name,department_name
FROM employees e RIGHT JOIN departments d
ON d.`department_id`=e.`department_id`
WHERE e.`department_id` IS NULL;
#练习:
# 1.显示所有员工的姓名,部门号和部门名称。
#员工姓名,部门编号,部门名称
SELECT last_name,e.department_id,department_name
#  employees表        departments表
FROM employees e JOIN departments d
#  连接条件
ON e.`department_id`=d.`department_id`
#查询出内连接的值
UNION ALL
SELECT last_name,e.`employee_id`,department_name
FROM employees e LEFT JOIN departments d
ON e.`department_id`=d.`department_id`#内连接 连接条件
WHERE e.`department_id` IS NULL;
#方式二
SELECT last_name, e.department_id, department_name
FROM employees e LEFT OUTER JOIN departments d
ON e.`department_id` = d.`department_id`;

# 2.查询90号部门员工的job_id和90号部门的location_id
SELECT job_id,location_id,department_name,e.department_id 
FROM employees e JOIN departments d
ON  e.`department_id`=d.`department_id`
WHERE e.`department_id`=90;
# 3.选择所有有奖金的员工的 last_name , department_name , location_id , city
SELECT last_name,department_name,l.location_id,city
FROM employees e 
LEFT JOIN departments d
ON e.`department_id`=d.`department_id`
JOIN locations l
ON d.`location_id`=l.`location_id`
WHERE e.`commission_pct` IS NOT NULL;
#答案
SELECT last_name , department_name , d.location_id , city
FROM employees e
LEFT OUTER JOIN departments d
ON e.`department_id` = d.`department_id`
LEFT OUTER JOIN locations l
ON d.`location_id` = l.`location_id`
WHERE commission_pct IS NOT NULL;

# 4.选择city在Toronto工作的员工的 last_name , job_id , department_id , department_name
SELECT last_name,job_id,e.department_id,department_name,city
FROM employees e  
JOIN departments d
ON e.`department_id`=d.`department_id`
JOIN locations l
ON d.`location_id`=l.`location_id`
WHERE city = 'toronto';
#方式二
SELECT last_name,job_id,e.department_id,department_name,city
FROM employees e,departments d,locations l
WHERE e.`department_id`=d.`department_id`
AND d.`location_id`=l.`location_id`
AND city ='toronto'; 
# 5.查询员工所在的部门名称、部门地址、姓名、工作、工资,其中员工所在部门的部门名称为’Executive’
SELECT  department_name,street_address,salary,last_name,job_title
FROM employees e 
JOIN departments d
ON e.`department_id`=d.`department_id`
JOIN  locations l
ON d.`location_id`=l.`location_id`
JOIN jobs j
ON e.`job_id`=j.`job_id`
WHERE d.`department_name`='Executive';
#答案
SELECT department_name, street_address, last_name, job_id, salary
FROM employees e JOIN departments d
ON e.department_id = d.department_id
JOIN locations l
ON d.`location_id` = l.`location_id`
WHERE department_name = 'Executive'

#6.选择指定员工的姓名,员工号,以及他的管理者的姓名和员工号,结果类似于下面的格式
/*
employees Emp# manager Mgr#
kochhar   101 	king   100
*/
SELECT emp.last_name "employees",emp.employee_id "Emp#",mgr.last_name "manager",mgr.employee_id "Mgr#" 
FROM employees emp,employees mgr
WHERE emp.`employee_id`=mgr.manager_id;
#方式二
SELECT emp.last_name employees, emp.employee_id "Emp#", mgr.last_name manager,mgr.employee_id "Mgr#"
FROM employees emp
LEFT OUTER JOIN employees mgr
ON emp.manager_id = mgr.employee_id;

# 7.查询哪些部门没有员工
SELECT d.`department_id`
FROM employees e
RIGHT JOIN departments d
ON e.`department_id`= d.`department_id`
WHERE e.`department_id` IS NULL;

#方式1:
SELECT d.department_id
FROM departments d LEFT JOIN employees e
ON e.department_id = d.`department_id`
WHERE e.department_id IS NULL;

#方式2:
SELECT department_id
FROM departments d
WHERE NOT EXISTS (
SELECT *
FROM employees e
WHERE e.`department_id` = d.`department_id`
);
# 8. 查询哪个城市没有部门
SELECT l.location_id,city
FROM locations l 
LEFT JOIN departments d
ON l.`location_id`=d.`location_id`
WHERE d.`location_id` IS NULL; 

#答案
SELECT l.location_id,l.city
FROM locations l LEFT JOIN departments d
ON l.`location_id` = d.`location_id`
WHERE d.`location_id` IS NULL
 
# 9.查询部门名为 Sales 或 IT 的员工信息
SELECT department_name,last_name,employee_id
FROM employees e 
JOIN departments d 
ON e.`department_id`=d.`department_id`
WHERE d.`department_name`='Sales' OR d.`department_name`='IT';
#答案
SELECT employee_id,last_name,department_name
FROM employees e,departments d
WHERE e.department_id = d.`department_id`
AND d.`department_name` IN ('Sales','IT');
/*
SQL99语法新特性
 
 自然连接
SQL99 在 SQL92 的基础上提供了一些特殊语法,比如 NATURAL JOIN 用来表示自然连接。我们可以把
自然连接理解为 SQL92 中的等值连接。它会帮你自动查询两张连接表中 所有相同的字段 ,然后进行 等值
连接 。
 
在sql92中:
SELECT employee_id,last_name,department_name
FROM employees e 
JOIN departments d
ON e.`department_id` = d.`department_id`
AND e.`manager_id` = d.`manager_id`;

在sql99中
SELECT employee_id,last_name,department_name
FROM employees e NATURAL JOIN departments d; 
 
USING连接
当我们进行连接的时候,SQL99还支持使用 USING 指定数据表里的 同名字段 进行等值连接。但是只能配
合JOIN一起使用。比如:
SELECT employee_id,last_name,department_name
FROM employees e JOIN departments d
USING (department_id);
你能看出与自然连接 NATURAL JOIN 不同的是,USING 指定了具体的相同的字段名称,你需要在 USING
的括号 () 中填入要指定的同名字段。同时使用 JOIN...USING 可以简化 JOIN ON 的等值连接。它与下
面的 SQL 查询结果是相同的:
SELECT employee_id,last_name,department_name
FROM employees e ,departments d
WHERE e.department_id = d.department_id;

 表连接的约束条件可以有三种方式:WHERE, ON, USING
WHERE:适用于所有关联查询
ON :只能和JOIN一起使用,只能写关联条件。虽然关联条件可以并到WHERE中和其他条件一起
写,但分开写可读性更好。
USING:只能和JOIN一起使用,而且要求两个关联字段在关联表中名称一致,而且只能表示关联字
段值相等
 
 #关联条件
#把关联条件写在where后面

SELECT last_name,department_name
FROM employees,departments
WHERE employees.department_id = departments.department_id;

#把关联条件写在on后面,只能和JOIN一起使用

SELECT last_name,department_name
FROM employees INNER JOIN departments
ON employees.department_id = departments.department_id;

SELECT last_name,department_name
FROM employees CROSS JOIN departments
ON employees.department_id = departments.department_id;

SELECT last_name,department_name
FROM employees JOIN departments
ON employees.department_id = departments.department_id;

#把关联字段写在using()中,只能和JOIN一起使用
#而且两个表中的关联字段必须名称相同,而且只能表示=
#查询员工姓名与基本工资
SELECT last_name,job_title
FROM employees INNER JOIN jobs USING(job_id);

#n张表关联,需要n-1个关联条件
#查询员工姓名,基本工资,部门名称
SELECT last_name,job_title,department_name FROM employees,departments,jobs
WHERE employees.department_id = departments.department_id
AND employees.job_id = jobs.job_id;

SELECT last_name,job_title,department_name
FROM employees INNER JOIN departments INNER JOIN jobs
ON employees.department_id = departments.department_id
AND employees.job_id = jobs.job_id;
 
 我们要 控制连接表的数量 。多表连接就相当于嵌套 for 循环一样,非常消耗资源,会让 SQL 查询性能下
降得很严重,因此不要连接不必要的表。在许多 DBMS 中,也都会有最大连接表的限制。
 */
#练习2:
#1.所有有门派的人员信息( A、B两表共有)
SELECT *
FROM t_dept d JOIN t_emp e
ON e.`deptId`=d.`id`;#内连接

#2.列出所有用户,并显示其门派信息(A的全集)
SELECT `name`,deptname,address
FROM t_dept d  RIGHT JOIN t_emp e
ON d.`id`=e.`deptId`;#连接条件

#3.列出所有门派(B的全集)
SELECT deptname
FROM t_dept d  LEFT JOIN t_emp e
ON d.`id`=e.`deptId`;
#答案
SELECT *
FROM t_dept b;

#4.所有不入门派的人员(A的独有)
SELECT `name`,deptname,address
FROM t_dept d RIGHT JOIN t_emp e #右外连接 右表中的所有数据分别和左表中的每条数据进行连接组合
#返回除内连接外,还包括右表中不符合条件的数据,并在左表相应列中添加null
ON d.`id`=e.`deptId`
WHERE e.`deptId` IS NULL;

#5.所有没人入的门派(B的独有)
SELECT *
FROM t_dept d LEFT JOIN t_emp e 
ON d.`id`=e.`deptId`
WHERE e.`deptId` IS NULL;
#
SELECT *
FROM t_dept b LEFT JOIN t_emp a
ON a.deptId = b.id
WHERE a.deptId IS NULL;


#6.列出所有人员和机构的对照关系(AB全有)#全外连接

SELECT *
FROM t_dept d RIGHT JOIN t_emp e
ON d.`id`=e.`deptId`
WHERE e.`deptId` IS NULL
UNION ALL
SELECT *
FROM t_dept d LEFT JOIN t_emp e
ON e.`deptId` = d.`id`;

#MySQL Full Join的实现 因为MySQL不支持FULL JOIN,下面是替代方法
#left join + union(可去除重复数据)+ right join
#去重写法 union
SELECT *
FROM t_emp A LEFT JOIN t_dept B
ON A.deptId = B.id
UNION
SELECT *
FROM t_emp A RIGHT JOIN t_dept B
ON A.deptId = B.id;

#7.列出所有没入派的人员和没人入的门派(A的独有+B的独有)
SELECT *
FROM t_emp e LEFT JOIN t_dept d
ON e.`deptId`=d.`id`
WHERE e.`deptId` IS NULL
UNION ALL
SELECT *
FROM t_emp e RIGHT JOIN t_dept d
ON e.`deptId`=d.`id`
WHERE e.`deptId` IS NULL;
#答案
SELECT *
FROM t_emp A LEFT JOIN t_dept B
ON A.deptId = B.id
WHERE B.`id` IS NULL
UNION
SELECT *
FROM t_emp A RIGHT JOIN t_dept B
ON A.deptId = B.id
WHERE A.`deptId` IS NULL;

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