mysql基础

1. 关系型数据库介绍

1.1 数据结构模型

数据结构模型主要有：

• 层次模型
• 网状结构
• 关系模型

关系模型：
二维关系：row，column

数据库管理系统：DBMS
关系：Relational，RDBMS

1.2 RDBMS专业名词

常见的关系型数据库管理系统：

• MySQL：MySQL，MariaDB，Percona-Server
• PostgreSQL：简称为pgsql
• Oracle
• MSSQL

**SQL：**Structure Query Language，结构化查询语言

**约束：**constraint，向数据表提供的数据要遵守的限制

• 主键约束：一个或多个字段的组合，填入的数据必须能在本表中唯一标识本行。且必须提供数据，不能为空（NOT NULL）。
  • 一个表只能存在一个
• 惟一键约束：一个或多个字段的组合，填入的数据必须能在本表中唯一标识本行。允许为空（NULL）
  • 一个表可以存在多个
• 外键约束：一个表中的某字段可填入数据取决于另一个表的主键已有的数据
• 检查性约束

**索引：**将表中的一个或多个字段中的数据复制一份另存，并且这些数据需要按特定次序排序存储

1.3 关系型数据库的常见组件

关系型数据库的常见组件有：

• 数据库：database
• 表：table，由行（row）和列（column）组成
• 索引：index
• 视图：view
• 用户：user
• 权限：privilege
• 存储过程：procedure
• 存储函数：function
• 触发器：trigger
• 事件调度器：event scheduler

1.4 SQL语句

SQL语句有三种类型：

• DDL：Data Defination Language，数据定义语言
• DML：Data Manipulation Language，数据操纵语言
• DCL：Data Control Language，数据控制语言

SQL语句类型	对应操作
DDL	CREATE：创建 DROP：删除 ALTER：修改
DML	INSERT：向表中插入数据 DELETE：删除表中数据 UPDATE：更新表中数据 SELECT：查询表中数据
DCL	GRANT：授权 REVOKE：移除授权

实验准备

[root@localhost ~]# wget http://dev.mysql.com/get/mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch.rpm
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -ivh mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch.rpm
[root@localhost ~]# yum clean all
23 文件已删除
[root@localhost ~]# yum makecache
CentOS Stream 8 - AppStream                                           763 kB/s |  21 MB     00:28    
CentOS Stream 8 - BaseOS                                              1.2 MB/s |  21 MB     00:17    
CentOS Stream 8 - Extras                                              300  B/s |  18 kB     01:00    
MySQL Connectors Community                                            104 kB/s | 133 kB     00:01    
MySQL Tools Community                                                 391 kB/s | 832 kB     00:02    
MySQL 5.7 Community Server                                            1.0 MB/s | 2.5 MB     00:02    
元数据缓存已建立。
[root@localhost ~]# wget http://repo.mysql.com/yum/mysql-5.7-community/el/7/x86_64/mysql-community-client-5.7.37-1.el7.x86_64.rpm 
[root@localhost ~]# wget http://repo.mysql.com/yum/mysql-5.7-community/el/7/x86_64/mysql-community-common-5.7.37-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
[root@localhost ~]# wget http://repo.mysql.com/yum/mysql-5.7-community/el/7/x86_64/mysql-community-devel-5.7.37-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
[root@localhost ~]# wget http://repo.mysql.com/yum/mysql-5.7-community/el/7/x86_64/mysql-community-libs-5.7.37-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
[root@localhost ~]# wget http://repo.mysql.com/yum/mysql-5.7-community/el/7/x86_64/mysql-community-server-5.7.37-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
[root@localhost ~]# yum install -y *rpm

mysql配置

[root@localhost ~]# systemctl status mysqld.service
● mysqld.service - MySQL Server
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/mysqld.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled)
   Active: active (running) since Mon 2022-04-18 19:32:43 CST; 49s ago
     Docs: man:mysqld(8)
           http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/using-systemd.html
  Process: 2423 ExecStart=/usr/sbin/mysqld --daemonize --pid-file=/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid $MYSQLD_>
  Process: 2370 ExecStartPre=/usr/bin/mysqld_pre_systemd (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
 Main PID: 2426 (mysqld)
    Tasks: 27 (limit: 11175)
   Memory: 337.2M
   CGroup: /system.slice/mysqld.service
           └─2426 /usr/sbin/mysqld --daemonize --pid-file=/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid
[root@localhost ~]#  ss -antl
State      Recv-Q     Send-Q           Local Address:Port           Peer Address:Port     Process     
LISTEN     0          128                    0.0.0.0:22                  0.0.0.0:*                    
LISTEN     0          80                           *:3306                      *:*                    
LISTEN     0          128                          *:80                        *:*                    
LISTEN     0          128                       [::]:22                     [::]:* 
[root@localhost ~]# grep "password" /var/log/mysqld.log
2022-04-18T11:32:41.036834Z 1 [Note] A temporary password is generated for root@localhost: a_LigjoyE11r
[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -p'a_LigjoyE11r'
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 2
Server version: 5.7.37

Copyright (c) 2000, 2022, Oracle and/or its affiliates.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

mysql> 
mysql> set global validate_password_policy=0;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> set global validate_password_length=1;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> set password = password('123.com');
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
mysql> quit
Bye

使用图形化工具连接数据库

mysql> GRANT ALL ON *.* TO 'root'@'192.168.183.137' IDENTIFIED BY '123.Com!';
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.01 sec)

mysql> create database aaa;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| aaa                |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| sys                |
+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> quit
Bye
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl disable --now firewalld.service
[root@localhost ~]# setenforce 0