类型转换
隐式类型转换
两个值进行运算或者比较,首先要求数据类型必须一致。如果发现有类型不一致的情况,MySQL就尝试做隐式类型转换。例如,把字符串转成数字,或者相反:
SELECT 1+‘1’; -- 字符串1转成数字
SELECT concat(2,' test'); -- 数字2转成字符串
显式类型转换
通过调用类型转换函数来实现
cast函数
CAST(expr AS type)
将任意类型的表达式expr转换成指定类型type的值。type可以是以下任意类型之一:
BINARY[(N)] :二进制字符串,转换后长度小于N个字节( 不足长度N则尾部补上0x00 )
CHAR[(N)] :字符串,转换后长度小于N个字符
DATE :日期
DATETIME :日期时间
DECIMAL[(M[,N])] :浮点数,M为数字总位数(包括整数部分和小数部分),N为小数点后的位数
SIGNED [INTEGER] :有符号整数
TIME :时间
UNSIGNED [INTEGER] :无符号整数
字符串转成数字
转成decimal时,从头扫描字符串直到第一个不为数字的字符为至。对截断的那一位进行四舍五入
1)默认不限定M,N,转换为整数,按照小数点后第一位进行四舍五入:
root@hunan 15:10 mysql>select cast('28.82abc' as decimal);
+-----------------------------+
| cast('28.82abc' as decimal) |
+-----------------------------+
| 29 |
+-----------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
2)限定M不限定N,转换为整数(M尽量大一些):
root@hunan 15:11 mysql>select cast('28.82abc' as decimal(4));
+--------------------------------+
| cast('28.82abc' as decimal(4)) |
+--------------------------------+
| 29 |
+--------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
3)如果M的长度小于实际的数字位数时,会转换成设定位数的最大值。下面这个转换中M为1,即显示不了29这个两位数,就会显示1位数中最大的9。
root@hunan 15:12 mysql>select cast('28.82abc' as decimal(1));
+--------------------------------+
| cast('28.82abc' as decimal(1)) |
+--------------------------------+
| 9 |
+--------------------------------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
M、N都限定,必须先满足小数点后的N位小数。下例中,先满足了1位小数,再取1位整数:
root@hunan 15:12 mysql>SELECT cast('28.82abc' AS DECIMAL(2,1));
+------------------------------------+
| cast('28.82abc' AS DECIMAL(2,1)) |
+------------------------------------+
| 9.9 |
+------------------------------------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
先满足2位小数,不取整数部分:
root@hunan 15:13 mysql>SELECT cast('28.82abc' AS DECIMAL(2,2));
+------------------------------------+
| cast('28.82abc' AS DECIMAL(2,2)) |
+------------------------------------+
| 0.99 |
+------------------------------------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
root@hunan 15:13 mysql>SELECT cast('28.82abc' AS UNSIGNED);
+------------------------------+
| cast('28.82abc' AS UNSIGNED) |
+------------------------------+
| 28 |
+------------------------------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
root@hunan 15:13 mysql>SELECT cast('-28abc' AS SIGNED);
+----------------------------+
| cast('-28abc' AS SIGNED) |
+----------------------------+
| -28 |
+----------------------------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
字符串到日期
root@hunan 15:14 mysql>SELECT cast('2007-12-25' AS DATETIME);
+--------------------------------+
| cast('2007-12-25' AS DATETIME) |
+--------------------------------+
| 2007-12-25 00:00:00 |
+--------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
root@hunan 15:15 mysql>SELECT cast('2007-12-25' AS DATE);
+----------------------------+
| cast('2007-12-25' AS DATE) |
+----------------------------+
| 2007-12-25 |
+----------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
root@hunan 15:15 mysql>SELECT cast('20:20:20' AS TIME);
+--------------------------+
| cast('20:20:20' AS TIME) |
+--------------------------+
| 20:20:20 |
+--------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
日期格式必须是‘YYYY-MM-DD’
root@hunan 15:15 mysql>SELECT cast('25-12-2007' AS DATETIME);
+--------------------------------+
| cast('25-12-2007' AS DATETIME) |
+--------------------------------+
| NULL |
+--------------------------------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
root@hunan 15:15 mysql>SELECT cast('2007-may-25' AS DATETIME);
+---------------------------------+
| cast('2007-may-25' AS DATETIME) |
+---------------------------------+
| NULL |
+---------------------------------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
数字到字符串
root@hunan 15:15 mysql>SELECT cast(123 AS CHAR);
+---------------------+
| cast(123 AS CHAR) |
+---------------------+
| 123 |
+---------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
root@hunan 15:15 mysql>SELECT cast(123 AS BINARY);
+-----------------------+
| cast(123 AS BINARY) |
+-----------------------+
| 123 |
+-----------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
日期到字符串
root@hunan 15:15 mysql>SELECT cast(now() AS CHAR);
+-----------------------+
| cast(now() AS CHAR) |
+-----------------------+
| 2023-08-09 15:16:34 |
+-----------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
字符串到二进制字符串(binary string)
二进制字符串:二进制字符串被视为一个连续的字节序列,与字符集无关。非二进制字符串(即我们通常所说的字符串)被视为一个连续排列的字符序列,与字符集有关。所谓与字符集无关,是指与MySQL自己的字符集无关,而是按照操作系统的字符集把字符串转换成字节进行存储
两种字符串的比较方式:二进制字符串的比较方式是一个字节一个字节进行的,比较的依据是两个字节的二进制值。因为同一个字母的大小写的数值编码是不一样的,因此它是区分大小写的。另外,由于它和字符集无关,因此也就没有大写和小写字母一说。
非二进制字符串的比较方式是一个字符一个字符进行的,比较的依据是两个字符在字符集中的先后顺序。根据使用的校对不同,可以进行区分大小写的比较和不区分大小写的比较
使用CAST(str AS BINARY)将字符串转换成二进制字符串时,通常使用它的快捷方式写法: BINARY str
查看当前字符集和校对规则设置
root@hunan 15:16 mysql>SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'collation_%';
+----------------------+-----------------+
| Variable_name | Value |
+----------------------+-----------------+
| collation_connection | utf8_general_ci |
| collation_database | utf8_general_ci |
| collation_server | utf8_general_ci |
+----------------------+-----------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
在比较表达式中,binary影响后面所有的字符串,并且不会忽略字符串的尾部空格
root@hunan 15:17 mysql>SELECT 'a' = 'A' ,BINARY 'a' = 'A';
+-----------+------------------+
| 'a' = 'A' | BINARY 'a' = 'A' |
+-----------+------------------+
| 1 | 0 |
+-----------+------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
root@hunan 15:17 mysql>SELECT 'a' = 'a ',BINARY 'a' = 'a ';
+------------+-------------------+
| 'a' = 'a ' | BINARY 'a' = 'a ' |
+------------+-------------------+
| 1 | 0 |
+------------+-------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
CONVERT函数
CONVERT(expr, type), CONVERT(expr USING sharset_name)
convert函数的作用和cast函数几乎相同,但是它可以把字符串从一种字符集转换成另一种字符集。下例将字符串’abc’从默认的字符集转换成utf8字符集。
root@hunan 15:17 mysql>SELECT convert('abc' USING utf8);
+-----------------------------+
| convert('abc' USING utf8) |
+-----------------------------+
| abc |
+-----------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
root@hunan 15:18 mysql>SELECT convert('你好' USING gbk);
+------------------------------+
| convert('你好' USING gbk) |
+------------------------------+
| 你好 |
+------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
如果目标字符集不能表示该字符,则返回乱码
root@hunan 15:18 mysql>SELECT convert('你好' USING latin1);
+--------------------------------+
| convert('你好' USING latin1) |
+--------------------------------+
| ?? |
+--------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
日期字符串转换函数
DATE_FORMAT(date, format)
将日期date按照给定的模式format转换成字符串。
TIME_FORMAT(date, format)
format中只可使用时、分、秒和微秒模式元素
root@hunan 15:19 mysql>SELECT time_format('22:23:01', '%H.%i.%s');
+-------------------------------------+
| time_format('22:23:01', '%H.%i.%s') |
+-------------------------------------+
| 22.23.01 |
+-------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
STR_TO_DATE(str, format)
将字符串str以指定的模式format转换成日期。format中可以包含模式元素和字面量,字面量必须匹配str中的字面量:
root@hunan 15:21 mysql>SELECT str_to_date('01,5,2013','%d,%m,%Y');
+-------------------------------------+
| str_to_date('01,5,2013','%d,%m,%Y') |
+-------------------------------------+
| 2013-05-01 |
+-------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
root@hunan 15:21 mysql>SELECT str_to_date('May 1, 2013','%M %d,%Y');
+---------------------------------------+
| str_to_date('May 1, 2013','%M %d,%Y') |
+---------------------------------------+
| 2013-05-01 |
+---------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
以下在会话变量@@sql_mode设置中包含no_zero_date和no_zero_in_date时转换失败,没有包含这些设置时转换成功。
root@hunan 15:21 mysql>SELECT str_to_date('a09:30:17','a%h:%i:%s');
+--------------------------------------+
| str_to_date('a09:30:17','a%h:%i:%s') |
+--------------------------------------+
| NULL |
+--------------------------------------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
root@hunan 15:22 mysql>SELECT str_to_date('09:30:17a','%h:%i:%s');
+-------------------------------------+
| str_to_date('09:30:17a','%h:%i:%s') |
+-------------------------------------+
| NULL |
+-------------------------------------+
1 row in set, 2 warnings (0.00 sec)
NULL值处理函数
IFNULL(expr1,expr2)
如果第一个参数 expr1 不为NULL则直接返回它,否则返回第二个参数 expr2。返回值是数字或者字符串。它相当于oracle中的nvl函数
root@hunan 15:22 mysql>SELECT ifnull(1,0);
+-------------+
| ifnull(1,0) |
+-------------+
| 1 |
+-------------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)
root@hunan 15:23 mysql>SELECT ifnull(NULL,10);
+-----------------+
| ifnull(NULL,10) |
+-----------------+
| 10 |
+-----------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
root@hunan 15:23 mysql>SELECT ifnull(1/0,'yes');
+-------------------+
| ifnull(1/0,'yes') |
+-------------------+
| yes |
+-------------------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
该函数常用在算术表达式计算和组函数中,用来对null值进行转换处理,非常有用
NULLIF(expr1,expr2)
如果两个参数相等则返回NULL,否则返回第一个参数的值expr1
root@hunan 15:23 mysql>SELECT nullif(1,1),nullif(1,2);
+-------------+-------------+
| nullif(1,1) | nullif(1,2) |
+-------------+-------------+
| NULL | 1 |
+-------------+-------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
IF(expr1,expr2,expr3)
如果第一个参数expr1为TRUE (expr1 <> 0 and expr1 <> NULL) ,则返回第二个参数expr2; 否则返回第三个参数expr3。返回值是数字或者字符串
root@hunan 15:23 mysql>SELECT if(1>2,2,3), if(1<2,'yes','no');
+-------------+--------------------+
| if(1>2,2,3) | if(1<2,'yes','no') |
+-------------+--------------------+
| 3 | yes |
+-------------+--------------------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)
root@hunan 15:24 mysql>SELECT if(NULL,2,3);
+--------------+
| if(NULL,2,3) |
+--------------+
| 3 |
+--------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
函数的嵌套
函数嵌套:直接把一个函数调用用作其它函数的参数
单行函数可以嵌套到任意深度
在函数嵌套的情况下,先执行最里面的函数
对于姓名以大写B开头的球员,得到其编号和名字的首字母,随后跟着一个小数点和姓
root@TENNIS 15:26 mysql>SELECT playerno, concat(left(initials,1),'. ',NAME) AS full_name FROM PLAYERS WHERE left(NAME,1) = 'B';
+----------+-----------+
| playerno | full_name |
+----------+-----------+
| 39 | D. Bishop |
| 44 | E. Baker |
+----------+-----------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)