C语言报错：a label can only be part of a statement and a declaration is not a statement

这种问题极容易出现在switch中申明变量（根本问题是变量作用域的原因）

对此问题的分析：
由于switch的几个case语句在同一个作用域（因为case语句只是标签，它们共属于一个swtich语句块），所以如果在某个case下面声明变量的话，对象的作用域是在俩个花括号之间 也就是整个switch语句，其他的case语句也能看到，这样的话就可能导致错误。
解决方案：
我们可以通过在case后面的语句加上大括号处理，之所以加大括号就是为了明确我们声明的变量的作用域，就是仅仅在本case之中，其实为了更规范的写switch-case语句，我们应该在case语句后边加大括号。在case语句后加一个分号也可以解决问题！

比如：

pid_t rank_fork_fd = fork();
        switch(rank_fork_fd)
        {
                case -1:
                        perror("fork");
                        exit(-2);
                case 0:
                        printf(" i am child\n");
                        char str[100] = {0};
                        scanf("%s",str);
                        write(pipe_fd[1],str,strlen(str));
                        close(pipe_fd[1]);
                        _exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
                default:

                        char buf[30] = {0};
                        read(pipe_fd[0],buf,30);
                        printf("parent process:%s\n",buf);
                        close(pipe_fd[0]);
                        exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
        }

报错显示：

pipe.c: In function ‘main’:
pipe.c:37:4: error: a label can only be part of a statement and a declaration is not a statement
    char buf[30] = {0};

解决方法：在case语句中加一个{}就可以（限制变量的作用域）

 switch(rank_fork_fd)
        {
                case -1:
                        perror("fork");
                        exit(-2);
                case 0:
                        {
                                printf(" i am child\n");
                                char str[100] = {0};
                                scanf("%s",str);
                                write(pipe_fd[1],str,strlen(str));
                                close(pipe_fd[1]);
                                _exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
                        }
                default:
                        {
                                char buf[30] = {0};
                                read(pipe_fd[0],buf,30);
                                printf("parent process:%s\n",buf);
                                close(pipe_fd[0]);
                                exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
                        }
        }