1、线程池介绍
什么是线程池？
线程池是一个抽象的概念，可以认为是若干个线程组合起来一起运行，形成线程池，线程不退出，等待有任务处理。
为什么需要线程池？
1、以网络编程服务端举例，作为服务器端就需要支持高并发，可以接受多个客户端连接，发出请求，对于多个请求我们每次都要去建立线程，这样就会导致创建很多线程，而且线程执行完后销毁也会造成很大的系统开销，在使用上效率低
2、之前在前面线程学习中，我们也知道创建线程并非多多益善，所以我们的思路就是提前创建好若干个线程，不退出，等待任务的产生，去接收任务处理后等待下一个任务
所以线程池如何实现呢？我们先思考下面两个问题：
1、假如线程池创建了，那么创建好的线程们该如何去协调接收请求的任务呢？
2、线程池上的线程如何才能执行不同的请求任务呢？
回答：
1、问题1 很像我们之前学习过的生产者和消费者模型，客户端对应的是生产者，服务端这边的线程池对应的就是消费者。
2、问题2我们可以参考之前的epoll反应堆里面的回调机制，我们同样可以借助结构体的方式，对任务进行封装，比如任务的数据和任务的处理回调函数都封装在结构体中，这样线程池中的线程拿到任务的同时，也就知道该怎么执行了
2、线程池的应用场景
什么时候需要创建线程池呢？
简单的来说，如果一个程序需要频繁的创建和销毁线程，而执行的任务生命周期又非常短，这样进行线程的创建和销毁带来的系统开销就不容忽视，这时我们的线程池就有机会出场了。
如果线程的创建和销毁时间相比任务执行时间可以忽略不计（任务的执行生命周期长），则就没有必要使用线程池了。
正如我们上面所说，实现的时候类似于生产者和消费者模型
3、线程池思想
任务池相当于共享资源，所以需要使用互斥锁。
当任务池中没有任务的时候需要让线程进行阻塞，所以就需要使用条件变量。
如何让线程执行不同的任务？
使用回调函数，在任务结构体中设置任务执行函数，这样就可以起到不同的任务执行不同的函数了
线程池思想图示
为啥使用互斥锁和条件变量？
4、简单线程池实现
threadpoolsimple.h
#ifndef _THREADPOOL_H
#define _THREADPOOL_H
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <pthread.h>
typedef struct _PoolTask
{
int tasknum;//模拟任务编号
void *arg;//回调函数参数
void (*task_func)(void *arg);//任务的回调函数
}PoolTask ;
typedef struct _ThreadPool
{
int max_job_num;//最大任务个数
int job_num;//实际任务个数
PoolTask *tasks;//任务队列数组
int job_push;//入队位置
int job_pop;// 出队位置
int thr_num;//线程池内线程个数
pthread_t *threads;//线程池内线程数组
int shutdown;//是否关闭线程池
pthread_mutex_t pool_lock;//线程池的锁
pthread_cond_t empty_task;//任务队列为空的条件
pthread_cond_t not_empty_task;//任务队列不为空的条件
}ThreadPool;
void create_threadpool(int thrnum,int maxtasknum);//创建线程池--thrnum 代表线程个数，maxtasknum 最大任务个数
void destroy_threadpool(ThreadPool *pool);//摧毁线程池
void addtask(ThreadPool *pool);//添加任务到线程池
void taskRun(void *arg);//任务回调函数
#endif
threadpoolsimple.c
//简易版线程池
#include "threadpoolsimple.h"
ThreadPool *thrPool = NULL;
int beginnum = 1000;
void *thrRun(void *arg)
{
//printf("begin call %s-----\n",__FUNCTION__);
ThreadPool *pool = (ThreadPool*)arg;
int taskpos = 0;//任务位置
PoolTask *task = (PoolTask *)malloc(sizeof(PoolTask));
while(1)
{
//获取任务，先要尝试加锁
pthread_mutex_lock(&thrPool->pool_lock);
//无任务并且线程池不是要摧毁
while(thrPool->job_num <= 0 && !thrPool->shutdown )
{
//如果没有任务，线程会阻塞
pthread_cond_wait(&thrPool->not_empty_task,&thrPool->pool_lock);
}
if(thrPool->job_num)
{
//有任务需要处理
taskpos = (thrPool->job_pop++)%thrPool->max_job_num;
//printf("task out %d...tasknum===%d tid=%lu\n",taskpos,thrPool->tasks[taskpos].tasknum,pthread_self());
//为什么要拷贝？避免任务被修改，生产者会添加任务
memcpy(task,&thrPool->tasks[taskpos],sizeof(PoolTask));
task->arg = task;
thrPool->job_num--;
//task = &thrPool->tasks[taskpos];
pthread_cond_signal(&thrPool->empty_task);//通知生产者
}
if(thrPool->shutdown)
{
//代表要摧毁线程池，此时线程退出即可
//pthread_detach(pthread_self());//临死前分家
pthread_mutex_unlock(&thrPool->pool_lock);
free(task);
pthread_exit(NULL);
}
//释放锁
pthread_mutex_unlock(&thrPool->pool_lock);
task->task_func(task->arg);//执行回调函数
}
//printf("end call %s-----\n",__FUNCTION__);
}
//创建线程池
void create_threadpool(int thrnum,int maxtasknum)
{
printf("begin call %s-----\n",__FUNCTION__);
thrPool = (ThreadPool*)malloc(sizeof(ThreadPool));
thrPool->thr_num = thrnum;
thrPool->max_job_num = maxtasknum;
thrPool->shutdown = 0;//是否摧毁线程池，1代表摧毁
thrPool->job_push = 0;//任务队列添加的位置
thrPool->job_pop = 0;//任务队列出队的位置
thrPool->job_num = 0;//初始化的任务个数为0
thrPool->tasks = (PoolTask*)malloc((sizeof(PoolTask)*maxtasknum));//申请最大的任务队列
//初始化锁和条件变量
pthread_mutex_init(&thrPool->pool_lock,NULL);
pthread_cond_init(&thrPool->empty_task,NULL);
pthread_cond_init(&thrPool->not_empty_task,NULL);
int i = 0;
thrPool->threads = (pthread_t *)malloc(sizeof(pthread_t)*thrnum);//申请n个线程id的空间
pthread_attr_t attr;
pthread_attr_init(&attr);
pthread_attr_setdetachstate(&attr, PTHREAD_CREATE_DETACHED);
for(i = 0;i < thrnum;i++)
{
pthread_create(&thrPool->threads[i],&attr,thrRun,(void*)thrPool);//创建多个线程
}
//printf("end call %s-----\n",__FUNCTION__);
}
//摧毁线程池
void destroy_threadpool(ThreadPool *pool)
{
pool->shutdown = 1;//开始自爆
pthread_cond_broadcast(&pool->not_empty_task);//诱杀
int i = 0;
for(i = 0; i < pool->thr_num ; i++)
{
pthread_join(pool->threads[i],NULL);
}
pthread_cond_destroy(&pool->not_empty_task);
pthread_cond_destroy(&pool->empty_task);
pthread_mutex_destroy(&pool->pool_lock);
free(pool->tasks);
free(pool->threads);
free(pool);
}
//添加任务到线程池
void addtask(ThreadPool *pool)
{
//printf("begin call %s-----\n",__FUNCTION__);
pthread_mutex_lock(&pool->pool_lock);
//实际任务总数大于最大任务个数则阻塞等待(等待任务被处理)
while(pool->max_job_num <= pool->job_num)
{
pthread_cond_wait(&pool->empty_task,&pool->pool_lock);
}
int taskpos = (pool->job_push++)%pool->max_job_num;
//printf("add task %d tasknum===%d\n",taskpos,beginnum);
pool->tasks[taskpos].tasknum = beginnum++;
pool->tasks[taskpos].arg = (void*)&pool->tasks[taskpos];
pool->tasks[taskpos].task_func = taskRun;
pool->job_num++;
pthread_mutex_unlock(&pool->pool_lock);
pthread_cond_signal(&pool->not_empty_task);//通知包身工
//printf("end call %s-----\n",__FUNCTION__);
}
//任务回调函数
void taskRun(void *arg)
{
PoolTask *task = (PoolTask*)arg;
int num = task->tasknum;
printf("task %d is runing %lu\n",num,pthread_self());
sleep(1);
printf("task %d is done %lu\n",num,pthread_self());
}
int main()
{
create_threadpool(3,20);
int i = 0;
for(i = 0;i < 50 ; i++)
{
addtask(thrPool);//模拟添加任务
}
sleep(20);
destroy_threadpool(thrPool);
return 0;
}
代码分析
5、复杂线程池实现
threadpool.h
#ifndef __THREADPOOL_H_
#define __THREADPOOL_H_
typedef struct threadpool_t threadpool_t;
/**
* @function threadpool_create
* @descCreates a threadpool_t object.
* @param thr_num thread num
* @param max_thr_num max thread size
* @param queue_max_size size of the queue.
* @return a newly created thread pool or NULL
*/
threadpool_t *threadpool_create(int min_thr_num, int max_thr_num, int queue_max_size);
/**
* @function threadpool_add
* @desc add a new task in the queue of a thread pool
* @param pool Thread pool to which add the task.
* @param function Pointer to the function that will perform the task.
* @param argument Argument to be passed to the function.
* @return 0 if all goes well,else -1
*/
int threadpool_add(threadpool_t *pool, void*(*function)(void *arg), void *arg);
/**
* @function threadpool_destroy
* @desc Stops and destroys a thread pool.
* @param pool Thread pool to destroy.
* @return 0 if destory success else -1
*/
int threadpool_destroy(threadpool_t *pool);
/**
* @desc get the thread num
* @pool pool threadpool
* @return # of the thread
*/
int threadpool_all_threadnum(threadpool_t *pool);
/**
* desc get the busy thread num
* @param pool threadpool
* return # of the busy thread
*/
int threadpool_busy_threadnum(threadpool_t *pool);
#endif
thread_pool.c
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <pthread.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <assert.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include "threadpool.h"
#define DEFAULT_TIME 10 /*10s检测一次*/
#define MIN_WAIT_TASK_NUM 10 /*如果queue_size > MIN_WAIT_TASK_NUM 添加新的线程到线程池*/
#define DEFAULT_THREAD_VARY 10 /*每次创建和销毁线程的个数*/
#define true 1
#define false 0
typedef struct
{
void *(*function)(void *); /* 函数指针，回调函数 */
void *arg; /* 上面函数的参数 */
} threadpool_task_t; /* 各子线程任务结构体 */
/* 描述线程池相关信息 */
struct threadpool_t
{
pthread_mutex_t lock; /* 用于锁住本结构体 */
pthread_mutex_t thread_counter; /* 记录忙状态线程个数de琐 -- busy_thr_num */
pthread_cond_t queue_not_full; /* 当任务队列满时，添加任务的线程阻塞，等待此条件变量 */
pthread_cond_t queue_not_empty; /* 任务队列里不为空时，通知等待任务的线程 */
pthread_t *threads; /* 存放线程池中每个线程的tid。数组 */
pthread_t adjust_tid; /* 存管理线程tid */
threadpool_task_t *task_queue; /* 任务队列(数组首地址) */
int min_thr_num; /* 线程池最小线程数 */
int max_thr_num; /* 线程池最大线程数 */
int live_thr_num; /* 当前存活线程个数 */
int busy_thr_num; /* 忙状态线程个数 */
int wait_exit_thr_num; /* 要销毁的线程个数 */
int queue_front; /* task_queue队头下标 */
int queue_rear; /* task_queue队尾下标 */
int queue_size; /* task_queue队中实际任务数 */
int queue_max_size; /* task_queue队列可容纳任务数上限 */
int shutdown; /* 标志位，线程池使用状态，true或false */
};
void *threadpool_thread(void *threadpool);
void *adjust_thread(void *threadpool);
int is_thread_alive(pthread_t tid);
int threadpool_free(threadpool_t *pool);
//threadpool_create(3,100,100);
threadpool_t *threadpool_create(int min_thr_num, int max_thr_num, int queue_max_size)
{
int i;
threadpool_t *pool = NULL;
do
{
if((pool = (threadpool_t *)malloc(sizeof(threadpool_t))) == NULL)
{
printf("malloc threadpool fail");
break; /*跳出do while*/
}
pool->min_thr_num = min_thr_num;
pool->max_thr_num = max_thr_num;
pool->busy_thr_num = 0;
pool->live_thr_num = min_thr_num; /* 活着的线程数 初值=最小线程数 */
pool->wait_exit_thr_num = 0;
pool->queue_size = 0; /* 有0个产品 */
pool->queue_max_size = queue_max_size;
pool->queue_front = 0;
pool->queue_rear = 0;
pool->shutdown = false; /* 不关闭线程池 */
/* 根据最大线程上限数， 给工作线程数组开辟空间, 并清零 */
pool->threads = (pthread_t *)malloc(sizeof(pthread_t)*max_thr_num);
if (pool->threads == NULL)
{
printf("malloc threads fail");
break;
}
memset(pool->threads, 0, sizeof(pthread_t)*max_thr_num);
/* 队列开辟空间 */
pool->task_queue = (threadpool_task_t *)malloc(sizeof(threadpool_task_t)*queue_max_size);
if (pool->task_queue == NULL)
{
printf("malloc task_queue fail\n");
break;
}
/* 初始化互斥琐、条件变量 */
if (pthread_mutex_init(&(pool->lock), NULL) != 0
|| pthread_mutex_init(&(pool->thread_counter), NULL) != 0
|| pthread_cond_init(&(pool->queue_not_empty), NULL) != 0
|| pthread_cond_init(&(pool->queue_not_full), NULL) != 0)
{
printf("init the lock or cond fail\n");
break;
}
//启动工作线程
pthread_attr_t attr;
pthread_attr_init(&attr);
pthread_attr_setdetachstate(&attr, PTHREAD_CREATE_DETACHED);
for (i = 0; i < min_thr_num; i++)
{
pthread_create(&(pool->threads[i]), &attr, threadpool_thread, (void *)pool);/*pool指向当前线程池*/
printf("start thread 0x%x...\n", (unsigned int)pool->threads[i]);
}
//创建管理者线程
pthread_create(&(pool->adjust_tid), &attr, adjust_thread, (void *)pool);
return pool;
} while (0);
/* 前面代码调用失败时,释放poll存储空间 */
threadpool_free(pool);
return NULL;
}
/* 向线程池中 添加一个任务 */
//threadpool_add(thp, process, (void*)&num[i]); /* 向线程池中添加任务 process: 小写---->大写*/
int threadpool_add(threadpool_t *pool, void*(*function)(void *arg), void *arg)
{
pthread_mutex_lock(&(pool->lock));
/* ==为真，队列已经满， 调wait阻塞 */
while ((pool->queue_size == pool->queue_max_size) && (!pool->shutdown))
{
pthread_cond_wait(&(pool->queue_not_full), &(pool->lock));
}
if (pool->shutdown)
{
pthread_cond_broadcast(&(pool->queue_not_empty));
pthread_mutex_unlock(&(pool->lock));
return 0;
}
/* 清空 工作线程 调用的回调函数 的参数arg */
if (pool->task_queue[pool->queue_rear].arg != NULL)
{
pool->task_queue[pool->queue_rear].arg = NULL;
}
/*添加任务到任务队列里*/
pool->task_queue[pool->queue_rear].function = function;
pool->task_queue[pool->queue_rear].arg = arg;
pool->queue_rear = (pool->queue_rear + 1) % pool->queue_max_size; /* 队尾指针移动, 模拟环形 */
pool->queue_size++;
/*添加完任务后，队列不为空，唤醒线程池中 等待处理任务的线程*/
pthread_cond_signal(&(pool->queue_not_empty));
pthread_mutex_unlock(&(pool->lock));
return 0;
}
/* 线程池中各个工作线程 */
void *threadpool_thread(void *threadpool)
{
threadpool_t *pool = (threadpool_t *)threadpool;
threadpool_task_t task;
while (true)
{
/* Lock must be taken to wait on conditional variable */
/*刚创建出线程，等待任务队列里有任务，否则阻塞等待任务队列里有任务后再唤醒接收任务*/
pthread_mutex_lock(&(pool->lock));
/*queue_size == 0 说明没有任务，调 wait 阻塞在条件变量上, 若有任务，跳过该while*/
while ((pool->queue_size == 0) && (!pool->shutdown))
{
printf("thread 0x%x is waiting\n", (unsigned int)pthread_self());
pthread_cond_wait(&(pool->queue_not_empty), &(pool->lock));//暂停到这
/*清除指定数目的空闲线程，如果要结束的线程个数大于0，结束线程*/
if (pool->wait_exit_thr_num > 0)
{
pool->wait_exit_thr_num--;
/*如果线程池里线程个数大于最小值时可以结束当前线程*/
if (pool->live_thr_num > pool->min_thr_num)
{
printf("thread 0x%x is exiting\n", (unsigned int)pthread_self());
pool->live_thr_num--;
pthread_mutex_unlock(&(pool->lock));
//pthread_detach(pthread_self());
pthread_exit(NULL);
}
}
}
/*如果指定了true，要关闭线程池里的每个线程，自行退出处理---销毁线程池*/
if (pool->shutdown)
{
pthread_mutex_unlock(&(pool->lock));
printf("thread 0x%x is exiting\n", (unsigned int)pthread_self());
//pthread_detach(pthread_self());
pthread_exit(NULL); /* 线程自行结束 */
}
/*从任务队列里获取任务, 是一个出队操作*/
task.function = pool->task_queue[pool->queue_front].function;
task.arg = pool->task_queue[pool->queue_front].arg;
pool->queue_front = (pool->queue_front + 1) % pool->queue_max_size; /* 出队，模拟环形队列 */
pool->queue_size--;
/*通知可以有新的任务添加进来*/
pthread_cond_broadcast(&(pool->queue_not_full));
/*任务取出后，立即将 线程池琐 释放*/
pthread_mutex_unlock(&(pool->lock));
/*执行任务*/
printf("thread 0x%x start working\n", (unsigned int)pthread_self());
pthread_mutex_lock(&(pool->thread_counter)); /*忙状态线程数变量琐*/
pool->busy_thr_num++; /*忙状态线程数+1*/
pthread_mutex_unlock(&(pool->thread_counter));
(*(task.function))(task.arg); /*执行回调函数任务*/
//task.function(task.arg); /*执行回调函数任务*/
/*任务结束处理*/
printf("thread 0x%x end working\n", (unsigned int)pthread_self());
pthread_mutex_lock(&(pool->thread_counter));
pool->busy_thr_num--; /*处理掉一个任务，忙状态数线程数-1*/
pthread_mutex_unlock(&(pool->thread_counter));
}
pthread_exit(NULL);
}
/* 管理线程 */
void *adjust_thread(void *threadpool)
{
int i;
threadpool_t *pool = (threadpool_t *)threadpool;
while (!pool->shutdown)
{
sleep(DEFAULT_TIME); /*定时 对线程池管理*/
pthread_mutex_lock(&(pool->lock));
int queue_size = pool->queue_size; /* 关注 任务数 */
int live_thr_num = pool->live_thr_num; /* 存活 线程数 */
pthread_mutex_unlock(&(pool->lock));
pthread_mutex_lock(&(pool->thread_counter));
int busy_thr_num = pool->busy_thr_num; /* 忙着的线程数 */
pthread_mutex_unlock(&(pool->thread_counter));
/* 创建新线程 算法： 任务数大于最小线程池个数, 且存活的线程数少于最大线程个数时 如：30>=10 && 40<100*/
if (queue_size >= MIN_WAIT_TASK_NUM && live_thr_num < pool->max_thr_num)
{
pthread_mutex_lock(&(pool->lock));
int add = 0;
/*一次增加 DEFAULT_THREAD 个线程*/
for (i = 0; i < pool->max_thr_num && add < DEFAULT_THREAD_VARY
&& pool->live_thr_num < pool->max_thr_num; i++)
{
if (pool->threads[i] == 0 || !is_thread_alive(pool->threads[i]))
{
pthread_create(&(pool->threads[i]), NULL, threadpool_thread, (void *)pool);
add++;
pool->live_thr_num++;
}
}
pthread_mutex_unlock(&(pool->lock));
}
/* 销毁多余的空闲线程 算法：忙线程X2 小于 存活的线程数 且 存活的线程数 大于 最小线程数时*/
if ((busy_thr_num * 2) < live_thr_num && live_thr_num > pool->min_thr_num)
{
/* 一次销毁DEFAULT_THREAD个线程, 隨機10個即可 */
pthread_mutex_lock(&(pool->lock));
pool->wait_exit_thr_num = DEFAULT_THREAD_VARY; /* 要销毁的线程数 设置为10 */
pthread_mutex_unlock(&(pool->lock));
for (i = 0; i < DEFAULT_THREAD_VARY; i++)
{
/* 通知处在空闲状态的线程, 他们会自行终止*/
pthread_cond_signal(&(pool->queue_not_empty));
}
}
}
return NULL;
}
int threadpool_destroy(threadpool_t *pool)
{
int i;
if (pool == NULL)
{
return -1;
}
pool->shutdown = true;
/*先销毁管理线程*/
//pthread_join(pool->adjust_tid, NULL);
for (i = 0; i < pool->live_thr_num; i++)
{
/*通知所有的空闲线程*/
pthread_cond_broadcast(&(pool->queue_not_empty));
}
/*for (i = 0; i < pool->live_thr_num; i++)
{
pthread_join(pool->threads[i], NULL);
}*/
threadpool_free(pool);
return 0;
}
int threadpool_free(threadpool_t *pool)
{
if (pool == NULL)
{
return -1;
}
if (pool->task_queue)
{
free(pool->task_queue);
}
if (pool->threads)
{
free(pool->threads);
pthread_mutex_lock(&(pool->lock));
pthread_mutex_destroy(&(pool->lock));
pthread_mutex_lock(&(pool->thread_counter));
pthread_mutex_destroy(&(pool->thread_counter));
pthread_cond_destroy(&(pool->queue_not_empty));
pthread_cond_destroy(&(pool->queue_not_full));
}
free(pool);
pool = NULL;
return 0;
}
int threadpool_all_threadnum(threadpool_t *pool)
{
int all_threadnum = -1;
pthread_mutex_lock(&(pool->lock));
all_threadnum = pool->live_thr_num;
pthread_mutex_unlock(&(pool->lock));
return all_threadnum;
}
int threadpool_busy_threadnum(threadpool_t *pool)
{
int busy_threadnum = -1;
pthread_mutex_lock(&(pool->thread_counter));
busy_threadnum = pool->busy_thr_num;
pthread_mutex_unlock(&(pool->thread_counter));
return busy_threadnum;
}
int is_thread_alive(pthread_t tid)
{
int kill_rc = pthread_kill(tid, 0); //发0号信号，测试线程是否存活
if (kill_rc == ESRCH)
{
return false;
}
return true;
}
/*测试*/
#if 1
/* 线程池中的线程，模拟处理业务 */
void *process(void *arg)
{
printf("thread 0x%x working on task %d\n ",(unsigned int)pthread_self(),*(int *)arg);
sleep(1);
printf("task %d is end\n", *(int *)arg);
return NULL;
}
int main(void)
{
/*threadpool_t *threadpool_create(int min_thr_num, int max_thr_num, int queue_max_size);*/
threadpool_t *thp = threadpool_create(3,100,100); /*创建线程池，池里最小3个线程，最大100，队列最大100*/
printf("pool inited");
//int *num = (int *)malloc(sizeof(int)*20);
int num[20], i;
for (i = 0; i < 20; i++)
{
num[i]=i;
printf("add task %d\n",i);
threadpool_add(thp, process, (void*)&num[i]); /* 向线程池中添加任务 */
}
sleep(10); /* 等子线程完成任务 */
threadpool_destroy(thp);
return 0;
}
#endif
通过阅读线程池代码思考如下问题?
- 熟悉结构体 threadpool_t
- 线程池如何创建起来?
- 各种初始化，malloc，pthread_create，pthread_cond_init pthread_mutex_init
- 线程池内都有几类线程?
- 2类：管理线程+工作线程
- 管理者线程的任务是什么?任务如何实现?
- 任务是添加线程或者删除线程，通过2个算法，删除线程 wait_exit_thr_num = 10
- 工作线程如何工作?
- 等待有任务，抢到任务，修改busy_thr_num ++ 执行任务 修改 busy_thr_num –
- 线程池是如何销毁的?
- 自爆shutdown 诱杀！
结合代码看明白这张图
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