算法 {生成树,最小生成树MST}

算法 {生成树,最小生成树MST}

@LOC: 1

生成树

定义

生成树spanning tree;
前言: 图G, 图GG;
条件1: GG为G的生成子图;
条件2: GG是个树;
结论: GG为G的一个生成树;

算法

获取所有的生成树形态

@LINK: https://editor.csdn.net/md/?not_checkout=1&articleId=134386573;

最小生成树

定义

最小生成树Minimum Spanning Tree, MST;
前言: 图G, 图GG; 一个生成树的权值等于(其所有边的权值和);
条件: GG为G的所有生成树中 权值最小的生成树;
结论: GG为G的一个最小生成树;

性质

#前言#: $G:$ 连通无向图; $M:$ G中的某个最小生成树; $Max(a,b):$ $M$中的a-b路径里的边的最大值;
#性质#: 对于任意边$(a,b)\in G$ 且$\notin M$, 其边权一定$\ge Max(a,b)$; (否则, 用这条边替代$Max(a,b)$后 得到更小的生成树);

@DELI;

#最小生成树的线性递增序列#

#前言#: S(x): 将生成树x的所有的边, 按照其边权递增排序后的*序列*(可知所有的S(x)的长度 均为N-1, 因为所有生成树的边数都相同);
#性质#
1: 所有的最小生成树的S值(即边权递增序列), 是相同的;
2: 令最小生成树的序列为[a1, a2, ...], 则任意生成树的序列[b1, b2, ...] 一定满足$b_i\ge a_i$;
. . 比如最小生成树的序列是[1, 2, 4], 则不会存在最小生成树为[2, 2, 3] (这违反了性质1), 也不会存在生成树为[2, 3, 3](违反性质2), [1, 3, 4]是可以的;

例题

必须经过某些特定边的最小生成树;
MARK: @LOC_0;
LINK: https://editor.csdn.net/md/?not_checkout=1&articleId=131996130

最小生成树算法-Kruskal

定义

和Prim一样 也是动态增长的过程 每一次添加一条边, 但他不是以一棵树来增长的;
令图$T=(V,\varnothing )$ 即最开始 所有点都是孤立的(不连通的); 以边权递增的顺序 遍历所有的边 (a,b) 如果这两个点在T里是不连通的 则将该边添加到T中, 最终 T就变成了最小生成树;

证明

代码

namespace MST_Kruskal{
long long Work( int _pointsCount){
    DisjointSet dSet( _pointsCount, _pointsCount);
    long long ANS = 0;
    for( 以边权*递增*的顺序遍历所有边(wth:边权, p1:端点, p2:端点)){
        if( dSet.Get_root( p1) == dSet.Get_root( p2)){
            continue;
        }
        dSet.Merge_to( p1, p2);
        ANS += wth;
    }
    return ANS;
}
} // namespace MST_Kruskal

错误

@DELI;

LINK: @LOC_0

最小生成树算法-Prim

定义

Prim算法是一棵树渐渐长大的过程, 即第一次 是由1个点组成的树, 第二次 是由2个点组成的树, 第三次 是由3个点组成的树, …, 直至达到一个由$|V|$个点组成的树 就是最小生成树;

从第$i$步(令$Ti$为其对应的树) 转移到 第$i+1$步(令$T_{i+1}$为其对应的树), 那么这俩树之间 就差一个边 一个点;
令$EE$为 G里面的所有形如$(a,b)$ ($a\in T_i,b\notin T_i$)的边的集合, 令e为EE里边权最小的边, 则这个e 就是新添的这条边;

证明

定义: 令SMT为所有最小生成树的集合;
. 一个树是合法的 $⟺$ 该树是SMT里的某个最小生成树的子树;
假如Prim算法 进行到第$i$步时 此时当前的子树T是合法的, 但是添加了一个(a,b)的边后 形成了TT树是不合法的;
. 令MT为SMT里的某个元素 且T是MT的子树; 令R为MT里抛去T之后的子树; 则T + R + (一个连接T-R的边) = MT, 已知这个连接边 不是(a,b), 而且 他一定边权小于(a,b)的边权; 我们将他替换成(a,b) 可知T + R + (a,b)依然是个生成树 而且边权更小;

性质

Dist[] 不是最短路径! 他是边权的最小值 (比如说所有边都是int类型, 那么Dist[]的类型 也是int 不需要是long long)
. 比如{S}-(1)-a-(1)-b S是当前维护的树, 此时Dist[a] = 1, 而Dist[b]是没有值的 因为没有从b到{S}的直接边, 路径不算的;

错误

Prim算法的中间状态 他维护的一定是树, 而不是其他;
LINK: @LOC_0

算法模板

namespace MST_Prim{
using __Edge_Type_ = int; // 图上边权的类型
static constexpr int __PointsCount_Maximum_ = 2003;
__Edge_Type_ __Distance[ __PointsCount_Maximum_];
bool __Vis[ __PointsCount_Maximum_];

long long Work( int _pointsCount){
//<
// #前设#: 令`G`为无向图;
// #返回值#: G的*所有连通分量*的最小生成树上所有边权之和;
// #pointsCount#: 无向图的所有点是`[0, _pointsCount)`范围;
// #提示#: 如果你想确保G必须是*连通的* (如果不是则报警) 其等价于: `LINK/@LOC_0`处只会进入*一次*;
    ASSERT_( _pointsCount <= __PointsCount_Maximum_);

    memset( __Distance, 0x7F, sizeof( __Edge_Type_) * _pointsCount);
    auto invalid_distance = __Distance[ 0];
    memset( __Vis, false, sizeof( bool) * _pointsCount);
    long long ANS = 0;
    for( int size = 1; size <= _pointsCount; ++size){
        int new_point = -1;
        for( int i = 0; i < _pointsCount; ++i){
            if( ( __Vis[ i] == false) && ( __Distance[ i] != invalid_distance)){
                if( new_point == -1 || __Distance[ i] < __Distance[ new_point]){ new_point = i;}
            }
        }
        if( new_point == -1){ // MAKR/@LOC_0
            for( int i = 0; i < _pointsCount; ++i){ if( __Vis[ i] == false){ new_point = i; break;}} __Distance[ new_point] = 0;
        }
        ANS += __Distance[ new_point];
        __Vis[ new_point] = true;
        for( `G中: new_point的所有邻接点nex 邻接边权值wth`){
            if( false == __Vis[ nex]){
                __Distance[ nex] = min( __Distance[ nex], wth);
            }
        }
    }
    return ANS;
}
} // namespace MST_Prim

次小生成树

定义

#前言#: $[V1\le V2\le ...]:$ 任意生成树的权值一定为$V_i$;
次小生成树为: 所有权值为$V2$的生成树;

性质

#前言#: $M:$某一个最小生成树;
#性质#: 一定存在某个次小生成树 他的边集 与$M$的边集, 只有1条边是不同的;

@DEPRECATED;

最小生成树

Given a Connected-Undirected-Graph with $n$ points (it may contains Negative-Edge, Self-Loop, Negative-Loop, in other words, a arbitrary graph but satisfying Connected-Undirected), you need to find a Sub-Graph which contains $n$ points, being connected and its weight (the sum of all edges) is minimal amongst others.

In fact, such a Sub-Graph could be a Tree ($n-1$ edges).
Because there may have many different Sub-Graph which share the same weight, we assert that there must exist a Tree amongst them.

There are some algorithms for getting a MST.

Algorithm

Prim

We have a tree $T$ with a single arbitrary point originally, each time we add a point and a edge (which connects this new point and a point of $T$), after $n-1$ times we will get the MST.

We stipulate $AdjEdges(T)$ is the set of all adjacent edges which connect a point of $T$ and a point that is not belongs to $T$.

For example, the MST is

         {b,...}
            |
{c,...}-----a
            |
         {d,...}

+ the edges {d-c, d-f, d-e} are belong to MST.
+ {b,...} means a `Sub-Tree` of the MST, the same as {c,...} and {d,...}

Original, we set $T=(a)$

First time, (suppose that the weight of $a-b$ is less than that of $a-c$ and $a-d$), our goal is to get $a-b$, and then add it to $T$.

Property: $a-b$ is the minimal edge of $AdjEdges(T)$
Because $a-b$ is less than $a-c$ and $a-d$ as we assumed, so we need to prove $a-b$ is less than any edge of A d j E d g e s ( T ) / { a − b , a − c , a − c } AdjEdges( T) / \{a-b, a-c, a-c\} AdjEdges(T)/{a−b,a−c,a−c}

Proof:

T: {a}------{b,...}
     |------{c,...}
     |------{d,...}

if there exists a edge $a-B$ ( B ∈ { b , . . . } B \in \{b,...\} B∈{b,...}) which is less than $a-b$, we can replace $a-b$ by $a-B$ to get a new-MST, however it has a smaller weight than the original-MST, so it raises a contradiction.
If there exists a edge $a-C$ ( C ∈ { c , . . . } C \in \{c,...\} C∈{c,...}) which is less than $a-b$, we can also replace $a-c$ by $a-C$ to get a smaller new-MST which also makes a contradiction.

More generally, if $T$ contains multiple points, e.g., { a , x , y } \{a, x, y\} {a,x,y}. Now, the edge $?-b$ means there is a edge between $?$ (a point of $T$) and $b$ in the MST.
Supposing $?-b$ is less than $?-c,?-d$, and you can also prove that $?-b$ is the minimal edge of $AdjEdge(T)$.

Therefore, the process of Prim is consisted of $n$ steps:

• Firstly, $T=(a)$ ($a$ is a arbitrary point)
• Secondly, suppose that $x-y$ is the minimal edge of $AdjEdges(T)$ ($x$ belongs to $T$), then we add $y$ to $T$ and $x-y$ is a edge of MST.
• The same as Secondly.

Code

We will use a auxiliary array Distance to finish this algorithm.

Assume that $T=(a,b,c)$ at current and others undetermined points are $(d,e,f)$, then $Distance[d]=min(Edge[d-a],Edge[d-b],Edge[d-c])$, that is, the $Distance$ of a undetermined point $x$ is the minimal edge of all edges which connect $x$ and a point of $T$.

Next, we iterate all undetermined points (d, e, f), find the minimal $Distance$ (suppose it is $d$), then $d$ is added to $T$, and $Distance[d]$ is a new edge of MST.

Finally, because $d$ is belongs to $T$, so $Distance[e]=min(Edge[e-a],Edge[e-b],Edge[e-c])$ should also be updated by $Edge[e-d]$.
… that is, iterate all undetermined points (e,f), update $Distance[x]=min(self,Edge[x,d])$. ($d$ is the new point that added into MST).

Kruskal

Auxiliary-Property-1:
For a graph, its MST must contains $e$ which is the minimal edge of the graph.
(proof: e.g., a--b--c is a branch of MST, and there exists a edge a-c that is the minimal edge amongst all edges of the graph; then you can replace a--b by a-c to make the MST more optimal)

Auxiliary-Property-2:
For a graph (contains $(a,b,c,d,e)$ points), when we divide its MST into two partition, e.g., if $c-d$ is a edge of MST, then remove this edge, we will get two Sub-Tree of MST (denote $M1,M2$), let it be $(a,b,c)$ and $(d,e)$. And also divide this graph into two partition (denote $G1,G2$): one contains $(a,b,c)$ points and its interior edges, another contains $(d,e)$ points and its interior edges.
Then, $M1$ is also the MST of $G1$, the same as $M2,G2$.
(proof: if $m$ is the MST of $G1$ instead of $M1$, then the Tree $m,(c-d),m2$ is also a MST which is less than the previous MST, this is contradictory.)

Originally, let $edges$ be all edges of the graph. Stipulate $min(edges)$ denotes the minimal-edge of $edges$.

1. $min(edges)$ is a edge (let its endpoints be $a,b$) of MST (according to Property-1), and divide the MST into two partition $M(a),M(b)$;
   remove all edges that connect $M(a),M(b)$ from $edges$, it also means you divide the original-Graph into two parts $G(a),G(b)$ ($edges$ is the edges that either belongs $G(a)$ or belongs to $G(b)$)
   According to Property-2, $M(a)$ is also the MST of $G(a)$
2. suppose $min(edges)$ belongs to $G(a)$, then $min(edges)$ is a edge of $M(a)$. Using the same process as the above, you will get $3$ Sub-Graphs.
   Until you get $n$ Sub-Graphs (each graph is a point), then the $n-1$ edges which are removed is the MST.

---

As a result, sort all edges at first, and iterate each edge $(a,b,w)$, if $a,b$ are not in a same Disjoint-Set, then $w$ is a edge of MST (the removal-edge as mentioned above), then Merge $a,b$ to the same Set.
Otherwise $a,b$ is in the same Set, meaning the operation that remove a edge that connects two divided-Graph ($G(a),G(b)$ as mentioned above)

$Prim\&Kruskal$算法的性质

+ The edges of the graph in Prim or Kruskal, are both undirected (bidirectional).

+ If the graph is not connected, that is consists of several connected-subgraphs $G0,Gi,...$ (where $G0$ denotes a connected-subgraph that contains point-$0$), Prim can only get the MST of $G0$ not for $Gi,...$; while Kruskal could get all MSTs of $G0,Gi,...$ simultaneously.

+ Prim, Kruskal can also be used to calculate Maximal-ST, by replacing $min$ by $max$.
. Proof: ???

+ For a undirected-graph $G$, when you storing it
. In Prim, for any undirected-edge (a,b,w) (assume there is no other edges between (a,b)), you must make sure Edges[a][b] = Edges[b][a] = w in the Adjacency-Matrix. That is, one undirected-edge corresponds to two directed-edges.
. In Kruskal, you can just choose one directed-edge (a->b) to be stored in Linked-List, not necessary both sides; this is due to the mechanism of Kruskal (the disjoint-set not relates the direction of edges) Consequently, one undirected-edge just corresponds to its one directed-edge is enough.

次小生成树

Let MST be the edges $e1,e2,...em$, then all inferior-MST (strictly, or non-strictly) must be the edges $f1,f2,...,fm$ where only one pair of edges $ei\ne fj$, in other words, if we remove $ei,fj$, the rest two sets will form a bijection.

Let the context of the next discussion be Strictly Inferior-MST.

If we have a MST $e1,e2,...,em$, then we iterator all edges on $G$ which are not $ei$ (i.e., the edges not in the MST)
For any such a edge $fi$ (if its endpoints are $a,b$, and the path of them in the MST are $ex,ey,ez$, the weight are $3,5,5$)
There is a necessity: $fi\ge 5$ (if not, that is $fi<5$, we move $5$ from MST and add $fi$, it again forms a ST whose sum less than MST;) this is a property of MST, which is no matter to inferior-MST.
. According to the property above, if the inferior-MST contains $fi$, then the edges of inferior-MST must be obtained by the process: remove a edge $ex/ey/ez$ from MST, and then add $fi$
There are also some lemmas on the relationship between the removal edge and $fi$.
1 when $fi>5$, only if $fi$ replace the maximal edge $5$, that could maybe the inferior-MST (because if $fi$ replace $1/3$, it will get a much large ST than replacing $5$)
2 otherwise $fi=5$, if the inferior-MST is strictly, then we shall try to use $fi$ to replace the strictly inferior-maximal edge $3$ (although there are multiple same maximal edges $5$; e.g., the MST is $3,5,5$ and there is only one edge $5$ which not belongs to MST, so all STs with distinct sum are $3,5,5$ and $5,5,5$; that is, now we should choose the strictly inferior-maximal-edge $3$ on the MST-path, not the non-strictly $5$)

That is, we need get $d1$ means the maximal edge of the path $a-b$ in MST, $d2$ means the strictly inferior-maximal edge in that path (note that, if the path is $3,5,5$, then $d1=5,d2=3$, that is the case of strictly inferior-MST)

Code

Suppose all edges are $\ge 0$ and we use $-1$ denotes a invalid-edge;

Strictly-Inferior-MST

//> get the maximal and inferior-maximal edges on the path (a-b) in the MST
pair< int, int> Get_edges( int a, int b){
	d1 = d2 = -1; //< d1 is the maximal-edge, d2 is the inferiore-maximal
	for( auto w : Edges on the path `a-b` in MST){
		if( _w > d1){
	        d2 = d1, d1 = _w;
	    }
	    else if( _w < d1){
	        d2 = max( _w, d2);
	    }
	}
}
//----

//> find the Strictly-Inferior-MST
ans = 0x7F7F7F7F...;
for( edge `(a-b):w` : all edges of the graph ){
    if( this edge on the MST){
        continue;
    }
    if( a == b){
        continue;
    }
    pair<int,int> ret = Get_edges( a, b);
    ASSERT_( ret.first != -1);
    if( w > ret.first){
        ans = min( mst_size - ret.first + w, ans);
    }
    else if( ret.second != -1){
        ans = min( mst_size - ret.second + w, ans);
    }
}

---

Non-Strictly-Inferior-MST

//> get the maximal edge on the path (a-b) in the MST
pair< int, int> Get_edges( int a, int b){
	d1 = -1; //< d1 is the maximal-edge
	for( auto w : Edges on the path `a-b` in MST){
		d1 = max( d1, w);
	}
}
//----

//> find the NonStrictly-Inferior-MST
ans = 0x7F7F7F7F...;
for( edge `(a-b):w` : all edges of the graph ){
    if( this edge on the MST){
        continue;
    }
    if( a == b){
        continue;
    }
	auto ret = Get_edges( a, b);
    ASSERT_( ret != -1);
    ans = min( mst_size - ret + w, ans);
}

例题

1148. 秘密的牛奶运输

problem-link

Cuz there are only $N=500$ points, when we got the MST, we can use $D1[N][N],D2[N][N]$ denotes the Maximal and Inferior-Maximal edge on the path $(a-b)$ in the MST. More precisely, let $Dfs(x)$ to get all $D1[x][all],D2[x][all]$, then performing $Dfs(all)$

356. 次小生成树

link

Due to $N=1e5$, the above $N^2$ device is infeasible here.
Cuz MST is a tree, we can use LCA algorithm which will divide a path $a-b$ into several disjoint segments (is also a path essentially) $s1,s2,...$, then we can store $d1,d2$ which represent the maximal and inferior-maximal edge for each segment $si$, then we gather them up $(d1,d2)(d1,d2)...$ and the maximal and inferior-maximal edge on the path $a-b$ must be contained in this set.

---

//> building `dist1, dist2`
for( int power = 0; power < power_range; ++power){
     if( power == 0){
         ptrNew_father[ nex][ power] = cur;
         dist1[ nex][ power] = wth;
         dist2[ nex][ power] = -1;
         continue;
     }
     int mid = ptrNew_father[ nex][ power - 1];
     if( (mid == -1) || (ptrNew_father[ mid][ power - 1] == -1)){
         ptrNew_father[ nex][ power] = -1;
         dist1[ nex][ power] = -1;
         dist2[ nex][ power] = -1;
         continue;
     }
     ptrNew_father[ nex][ power] = ptrNew_father[ mid][ power - 1];
     int _edges[ 4] = { dist1[ nex][ power - 1], dist2[ nex][ power - 1],
                      dist1[ mid][ power - 1], dist2[ nex][ power - 1]};
     sort( _edges, _edges + 4);
     dist1[ nex][ power] = _edges[ 3];
     dist2[ nex][ power] = -1;
     for( int i = 2; i >= 0; --i){
         if( _edges[ i] != dist1[ nex][ power]){
             dist2[ nex][ power] = _edges[ i];
             break;
         }
     }
     ASSERT_( dist2[ nex][ power] < dist1[ nex][ power]);
 }
//----
//> get the maximal and inferior-maximal edges on the path (a-b) in MST.
pair< int, int> Get_edges( int _a, int _b){
    int d1 = -1, d2 = -1;
    ASSERT_( (_a >= 0) && (_a < ptrRef_tree->Get_pointsCount()));
    ASSERT_( (_b >= 0) && (_b < ptrRef_tree->Get_pointsCount()));
    if( ptrNew_depth[ _a] != ptrNew_depth[ _b]){
        if( ptrNew_depth[ _a] < ptrNew_depth[ _b]){
            swap( _a, _b);
        }
        for( int i = power_range - 1; i >= 0; --i){
            if( ptrNew_father[ _a][ i] == -1){
                continue;
            }
            if( ptrNew_depth[ ptrNew_father[ _a][ i]] >= ptrNew_depth[ _b]){
                update( d1, d2, dist1[ _a][ i]);
                update( d1, d2, dist2[ _a][ i]);
                _a = ptrNew_father[ _a][ i];
            }
        }
    }
    ASSERT_( ptrNew_depth[ _a] == ptrNew_depth[ _b]);
    if( _a == _b){
        return {d1, d2};
    }
    for( int i = power_range - 1; i >= 0; --i){
        if( ptrNew_father[ _a][ i] != ptrNew_father[ _b][ i]){
            update( d1, d2, dist1[ _a][ i]);  update( d1, d2, dist2[ _a][ i]);
            update( d1, d2, dist1[ _b][ i]);  update( d1, d2, dist2[ _b][ i]);
            //--
            _a = ptrNew_father[ _a][ i];
            _b = ptrNew_father[ _b][ i];
        }
    }
    ASSERT_( ptrNew_father[ _a][ 0] == ptrNew_father[ _b][ 0]);
    update( d1, d2, dist1[ _a][ 0]);  update( d1, d2, dist2[ _a][ 0]);
    update( d1, d2, dist1[ _b][ 0]);  update( d1, d2, dist2[ _b][ 0]);
    return {d1, d2};
} 
void update( int & d1, int & d2, int _w){
    if( _w > d1){
        d2 = d1;
        d1 = _w;
    }
    else if( _w != d1){
        d2 = max( _w, d2);
    }
}