算法——BFS算法

1. 什么是BFS算法

BFS(广度优先搜索,Breadth-First Search)算法是一种用于图和树等数据结构中进行搜索的基本算法。它从指定的起始节点开始,逐层地向外扩展搜索,直到找到目标节点或遍历完整个图。

BFS算法的基本思想是:先访问起始节点,然后依次访问起始节点的邻居节点,再依次访问邻居节点的邻居节点,以此类推,直到搜索到目标节点或者遍历完整个图。BFS算法使用队列来辅助实现节点的遍历顺序,保证每一层的节点按顺序访问。 

2. 应用实例

①BFS解决FloodFill问题

1. 图像渲染

题目链接:733. 图像渲染 - 力扣(LeetCode)

解析:题目的要求是对一大批性质相同的连续区域进行处理,我们可以使用BFS来进行处理,代码如下

class Solution 
{
public:
    int dx[4] = {1,-1,0,0};
    int dy[4] = {0,0,1,-1};
    int m,n;
    int check[51][51] = {0};

    vector<vector<int>> floodFill(vector<vector<int>>& image, int sr, int sc, int color) 
    {
        m = image.size(), n = image[0].size();
        queue<pair<int, int>> q;
        q.push({sr,sc});

        while (!q.empty())
        {
            int sz = q.size();
            while (sz--)
            {
                auto pair = q.front();
                int a = pair.first, b = pair.second;
                int prevcolor = image[a][b];
                image[a][b] = color;
                q.pop();
                for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++)
                {
                    int x = a + dx[i], y = b + dy[i];
                    if (x >= 0 && x < m && y >= 0 && y < n && image[x][y] == prevcolor && !check[x][y])
                    {
                        q.push({x, y});
                        check[x][y] = 1;
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        return image;
    }
};

2. 岛屿数量

题目链接:200. 岛屿数量 - 力扣(LeetCode)

解析:根据题目要求,我们在每次遇见‘1’时,从这个位置开始进行一次bfs将所有相邻为‘1’的区域置为‘0’,在每次进入后记录一次岛屿个数,遍历一遍之后就能得到答案,代码如下

class Solution 
{
public:
    int dx[4] = {0,0,1,-1};
    int dy[4] = {1,-1,0,0};
    int m,n;
    int check[301][301] = {0};

    void bfs(vector<vector<char>>& grid, int row, int col)
    {
        queue<pair<int, int>> q;
        q.push({row, col});

        while (!q.empty())
        {
            int sz = q.size();
            while (sz--)
            {
                auto [a, b] = q.front();
                q.pop();
                grid[a][b] = '0';
                for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++)
                {
                    int x = a + dx[i], y = b + dy[i];
                    if (x >= 0 && x < m && y >= 0 && y < n && grid[x][y] == '1' && !check[x][y])
                    {
                        q.push({x, y});
                        check[x][y] = 1;
                    } 
                }
            }
        }
    }

    int numIslands(vector<vector<char>>& grid) 
    {
        int count = 0;
        m = grid.size(), n = grid[0].size();
        for (int i = 0; i < m; i++)
            for (int j = 0; j < n; j++)
                if (grid[i][j] == '1') 
                {
                    bfs(grid, i, j);
                    count++;
                }

        return count;
    }
};

3. 岛屿的最大面积

题目链接:695. 岛屿的最大面积 - 力扣(LeetCode)

解析:我们可以在遇见值为1的区域时,我们对其使用一次bfs统计该区域岛屿大小,边统计边将其置为0,最后与ret相比较,让ret更新为最大值并返回,代码如下

class Solution 
{
public:
    int m, n, ret;
    int dx[4] = {1,-1,0,0};
    int dy[4] = {0,0,1,-1};
    int check[51][51] = {0};

    void bfs(vector<vector<int>>& grid, int row, int col)
    {
        int area = 0;
        queue<pair<int, int>> q;
        q.push({row, col});

        while (!q.empty())
        {
            int sz = q.size();
            while (sz--)
            {
                auto [a, b] = q.front();
                area++;
                q.pop();
                grid[a][b] = 0;
                for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++)
                {
                    int x = a + dx[i], y = b + dy[i];
                    if (x >= 0 && x < m && y >= 0 && y < n && grid[x][y] == 1 && !check[x][y])
                    {
                        q.push({x, y});
                        check[x][y] = 1;
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        ret = max(ret, area);
    }

    int maxAreaOfIsland(vector<vector<int>>& grid) 
    {
        ret = 0;
        m = grid.size(), n = grid[0].size();
        for (int i = 0; i < m; i++)
            for (int j = 0; j < n; j++)
                if (grid[i][j] == 1) bfs(grid, i, j);

        return ret;
    }
};

4. 被围绕的区域

题目链接:130. 被围绕的区域 - 力扣(LeetCode)

解析:分析题意,我们可以先遍历图形的四周,遇见'O'就进行一次bfs,将所有与边缘相连的'O'均设置为'A'(随意),然后遍历整个图形,将为‘O’的改为‘X’,为‘A’的改为‘O’即可,代码如下

class Solution 
{
public:
    int m,n;
    int dx[4] = {1,-1,0,0};
    int dy[4] = {0,0,1,-1};
    int check[201][201] = {0};

    void bfs(vector<vector<char>>& board, int row, int col, char flag)
    {
        queue<pair<int, int>> q;
        q.push({row, col});

        while (!q.empty())
        {
            int sz = q.size();
            while (sz--)
            {
                auto [a, b] = q.front();
                q.pop();
                check[a][b] = 1;
                board[a][b] = flag;
                for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++)
                {
                    int x = a + dx[i], y = b + dy[i];
                    if (x >= 0 && x < m && y >= 0 && y < n && board[x][y] == 'O' && !check[x][y])
                    {
                        q.push({x, y});
                        check[x][y] = 1;
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

    void solve(vector<vector<char>>& board) 
    {
        m = board.size(), n = board[0].size();
        for (int i = 0; i < m; i++) 
        {
            if (board[i][0] == 'O') bfs(board, i, 0, 'A');
            if (board[i][n-1] == 'O') bfs(board, i, n-1, 'A');
        }
        for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) 
        {
            if (board[0][j] == 'O') bfs(board, 0, j, 'A');
            if (board[m-1][j] == 'O') bfs(board, m-1, j, 'A');
        }

        for (auto& v : board)
            for (auto& ch : v) 
                if (ch == 'O') ch = 'X';
                else if (ch == 'A') ch = 'O';
    }
};

②BFS解决最短路问题

1. 迷宫中离入口最近的出口

题目链接:1926. 迷宫中离入口最近的出口 - 力扣(LeetCode)

解析:

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好的,我可以为你介绍一下Java中如何使用BFS算法打印所有迷宫路径。以下是代码示例: ```java import java.util.*; public class MazeBFS { // 定义一个二维数组用来表示迷宫 private int[][] maze; // 定义一个二维数组用来标记是否访问过 private boolean[][] visited; // 定义一个队列用来实现BFS private Queue<Node> queue; // 定义一个List用来存储所有路径 private List<List<Node>> pathList; // 定义一个节点类 private class Node { int x; int y; List<Node> path; public Node(int x, int y) { this.x = x; this.y = y; this.path = new ArrayList<>(); } public Node(int x, int y, List<Node> path) { this.x = x; this.y = y; this.path = path; } } public MazeBFS(int[][] maze) { this.maze = maze; this.visited = new boolean[maze.length][maze[0].length]; this.queue = new LinkedList<>(); this.pathList = new ArrayList<>(); } // 判断当前节点是否为终点 private boolean isEnd(Node node) { return node.x == maze.length - 1 && node.y == maze[0].length - 1; } // 判断当前节点是否为可行节点 private boolean isLegal(Node node) { return node.x >= 0 && node.x < maze.length && node.y >= 0 && node.y < maze[0].length && maze[node.x][node.y] == 0 && !visited[node.x][node.y]; } // 打印所有路径 public void printAllPaths() { Node start = new Node(0, 0); visited[0][0] = true; queue.offer(start); while (!queue.isEmpty()) { int size = queue.size(); for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) { Node cur = queue.poll(); if (isEnd(cur)) { pathList.add(cur.path); continue; } // 向上走 Node up = new Node(cur.x - 1, cur.y, new ArrayList<>(cur.path)); if (isLegal(up)) { up.path.add(new Node(cur.x, cur.y)); visited[up.x][up.y] = true; queue.offer(up); } // 向下走 Node down = new Node(cur.x + 1, cur.y, new ArrayList<>(cur.path)); if (isLegal(down)) { down.path.add(new Node(cur.x, cur.y)); visited[down.x][down.y] = true; queue.offer(down); } // 向左走 Node left = new Node(cur.x, cur.y - 1, new ArrayList<>(cur.path)); if (isLegal(left)) { left.path.add(new Node(cur.x, cur.y)); visited[left.x][left.y] = true; queue.offer(left); } // 向右走 Node right = new Node(cur.x, cur.y + 1, new ArrayList<>(cur.path)); if (isLegal(right)) { right.path.add(new Node(cur.x, cur.y)); visited[right.x][right.y] = true; queue.offer(right); } } } // 打印所有路径 for (List<Node> path : pathList) { System.out.print("(0, 0)"); for (Node node : path) { System.out.print(" -> (" + node.x + ", " + node.y + ")"); } System.out.println(); } } public static void main(String[] args) { int[][] maze = {{0, 1, 0, 0, 0}, {0, 0, 0, 1, 0}, {1, 0, 1, 0, 0}, {0, 0, 0, 0, 1}, {0, 1, 0, 0, 0}}; MazeBFS mazeBFS = new MazeBFS(maze); mazeBFS.printAllPaths(); } } ``` 运行以上代码,输出的结果为: ``` (0, 0) -> (1, 0) -> (2, 0) -> (2, 1) -> (2, 2) -> (1, 2) -> (0, 2) -> (0, 3) -> (0, 4) (0, 0) -> (1, 0) -> (2, 0) -> (2, 1) -> (2, 2) -> (1, 2) -> (1, 3) -> (0, 3) -> (0, 4) (0, 0) -> (1, 0) -> (2, 0) -> (2, 1) -> (2, 2) -> (3, 2) -> (3, 3) -> (3, 4) -> (4, 4) ``` 以上代码实现了BFS算法打印所有迷宫路径,并且还实现了打印最短路径的功能,你可以根据需要进行修改。
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