ID:298
原创作品转载请注明出处 + https://github.com/mengning/linuxkernel/
1.mykernel
mykernel是由中科大孟宁老师建立的用于开发操作系统内核的一个平台,你可以在kernel版本库中找到mykernel的代码,链接:https://github.com/mengning/mykernel ,根据里面的步骤将mykernel部署到系统中。还有另外一种方法就是使用实验楼提供的虚拟机,上面已经部署好了mykernel的环境,链接:https://www.shiyanlou.com/courses/195 。本次linux实验就是利用实验楼中的mykernel平台完成的,孟宁老师的github里包含的教学以及内核代码也给予了我很大的帮助和启发。
2.实验要求
(1)完成一个简单的时间片轮转多道程序内核代码;
(2)分析进程的启动和进程的切换机制
(3)理解操作系统是如何工作
3.实验过程
(1)部署完mykernel之后,在Shell中输入以下指令:
cd LinuxKernel/linux-3.9.4
rm -rf mykernel
patch -p1 < ../mykernel_for_linux3.9.4sc.patch
make allnoconfig
make //输入以后等待编译完成
qemu -kernel arch/x86/boot/bzImage
运行过程如下:
在输入qemu -kernel arch/x86/boot/bzImage
指令后,跳出如下界面。且有两类字符串不断交替输出。
图中的“y_timer_handler here”字符串是由myinterrupt.c
中my_timer_handler
函数控制输出的,”my_start_kernel here“字符串是由mymain.c
中my_start_kernel
函数控制输出的。
mymain.c
中my_start_kernel
函数代码如下:
void __init my_start_kernel(void)
{
int i = 0;
while(1)
{
i++;
if(i%100000 == 0)
printk(KERN_NOTICE "my_start_kernel here %d \n",i);
}
}
myinterrupt.c
中my_timer_handler
函数代码如下:
/*
* Called by timer interrupt.
*/
void my_timer_handler(void)
{
printk(KERN_NOTICE "\n>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>my_timer_handler here<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<\n\n");
}
(2)多进程简单内核的实现
本部分是要完成一个简单的时间片轮转多道程序内核代码,源代码来自孟宁老师的GitHub:https://github.com/mengning/mykernel
主要包含三部分文件:
- myinterrupt.c
包含模拟中断的函数。 - mymain.c
包含模拟多个运行的进程的函数。 - mypcb.h
头文件,定义了一些结构体等内容。
将上述3个文件添加到linux内核的mykenel文件夹下,并运行以下代码重新编译:
make allnoconfig
make
之后便可以运行,运行结果截图如下:
从上图中可以发现进程间正常的切换过程。
(3)代码分析
a. mypcb.h
/*
* linux/mykernel/mypcb.h
*
* Kernel internal PCB types
*
* Copyright (C) 2013 Mengning
*
*/
#define MAX_TASK_NUM 4
#define KERNEL_STACK_SIZE 1024*2 # unsigned long
/* CPU-specific state of this task */
struct Thread {
unsigned long ip;
unsigned long sp;
};
typedef struct PCB{
int pid;
volatile long state; /* -1 unrunnable, 0 runnable, >0 stopped */
unsigned long stack[KERNEL_STACK_SIZE];
/* CPU-specific state of this task */
struct Thread thread;
unsigned long task_entry;
struct PCB *next;
}tPCB;
void my_schedule(void);
宏定义:
#define MAX_TASK_NUM 4 定义了最大任务数
#define KERNEL_STACK_SIZE 1024*2定义了堆栈内核大小
线程结构体:
struct Thread {
unsigned long ip;ip指令指针
unsigned long sp;sp堆栈指针
};
代码中的PCB结构体很关键:
typedef struct PCB{
int pid;
volatile long state; /* -1 unrunnable, 0 runnable, >0 stopped */
unsigned long stack[KERNEL_STACK_SIZE];
/* CPU-specific state of this task */
struct Thread thread;
unsigned long task_entry;
struct PCB *next;
}tPCB;
其中:
pid
表示进程号,是进程的标识符state
表示进程的状态,-1表示不可运行;0表示可运行等stack[KERNEL_STACK_SIZE]
表示进程的堆栈空间thread
表示进程的线程信息,包含ip、sp指针task_entry
进程入口点*nextPCB
指针,指向下一个进程控制块
在mypcb.h
中,最后一部分是void my_schedule(void)
函数声明。此函数在myinterrput.c
中定义,mymain.c
中的进程会依据一个全局变量来决定是否调用此函数,来实现进程的调度切换。
b. mymain.c
/*
* linux/mykernel/mymain.c
* * Kernel internal my_start_kernel
* * Copyright (C) 2013 Mengning
* */
#include <linux/types.h>
#include <linux/string.h>
#include <linux/ctype.h>
#include <linux/tty.h>
#include <linux/vmalloc.h>
#include "mypcb.h"
tPCB task[MAX_TASK_NUM];
tPCB * my_current_task = NULL;
volatile int my_need_sched = 0;
void my_process(void);
void __init my_start_kernel(void)
{
int pid = 0;
int i;
/* Initialize process 0*/
task[pid].pid = pid;
task[pid].state = 0;/* -1 unrunnable, 0 runnable, >0 stopped */
task[pid].task_entry = task[pid].thread.ip = (unsigned long)my_process;
task[pid].thread.sp = (unsigned long)&task[pid].stack[KERNEL_STACK_SIZE-1];
task[pid].next = &task[pid];
/*fork more process */
for(i=1;i<MAX_TASK_NUM;i++)
{
memcpy(&task[i],&task[0],sizeof(tPCB));
task[i].pid = i;
//*(&task[i].stack[KERNEL_STACK_SIZE-1] - 1) = (unsigned long)&task[i].stack[KERNEL_STACK_SIZE-1];
task[i].thread.sp = (unsigned long)(&task[i].stack[KERNEL_STACK_SIZE-1]);
task[i].next = task[i-1].next;
task[i-1].next = &task[i];
}
/* start process 0 by task[0] */
pid = 0;
my_current_task = &task[pid];
asm volatile(
"movl %1,%%esp\n\t" /* set task[pid].thread.sp to esp */
"pushl %1\n\t" /* push ebp */
"pushl %0\n\t" /* push task[pid].thread.ip */
"ret\n\t" /* pop task[pid].thread.ip to eip */
:
: "c" (task[pid].thread.ip),"d" (task[pid].thread.sp) /* input c or d mean %ecx/%edx*/
);
}
int i = 0;
void my_process(void)
{
while(1)
{
i++;
if(i%10000000 == 0)
{
printk(KERN_NOTICE "this is process %d -\n",my_current_task->pid);
if(my_need_sched == 1)
{
my_need_sched = 0;
my_schedule();
}
printk(KERN_NOTICE "this is process %d +\n",my_current_task->pid);
}
}
}
my_start_kernel
是系统启动后,第一个调用的函数。在这个函数中,首先初始化了0号进程:
task[pid].pid = pid
,置其pid为0task[pid].state = 0
,设置进程状态为可运行状态task[pid].task_entry = task[pid].thread.ip = (unsignedlong)my_process
,设置进程的入口地址为my_process
函数
在for
循环中创建了3个进程,pid
分别为1、2、3,并把PCB用指针链接。
task[i].next = task[i-1].next;
task[i-1].next = &task[i];
然后打开0号进程。具体是由内嵌汇编代码实现:
asm volatile(
"movl %1,%%esp\n\t" /* set task[pid].thread.sp to esp */
"pushl %1\n\t" /* push ebp */
"pushl %0\n\t" /* push task[pid].thread.ip */
"ret\n\t" /* pop task[pid].thread.ip to eip */
:
: "c" (task[pid].thread.ip),"d" (task[pid].thread.sp) /* input c or d mean %ecx/%edx*/
);
这个函数的功能是在检查全局变量my_need_sched
,当其值为1时,就调用my_schedule()
进行进程调度切换。
c. myinterrupt.c
/*
* linux/mykernel/myinterrupt.c
* * Kernel internal my_timer_handler
* * Copyright (C) 2013 Mengning
* */
#include <linux/types.h>
#include <linux/string.h>
#include <linux/ctype.h>
#include <linux/tty.h>
#include <linux/vmalloc.h>
#include "mypcb.h"
extern tPCB task[MAX_TASK_NUM];
extern tPCB * my_current_task;
extern volatile int my_need_sched;
volatile int time_count = 0;
/*
* Called by timer interrupt.
* it runs in the name of current running process,
* so it use kernel stack of current running process
*/
void my_timer_handler(void)
{
#if 1
if(time_count%1000 == 0 && my_need_sched != 1)
{
printk(KERN_NOTICE ">>>my_timer_handler here<<<\n");
my_need_sched = 1;
}
time_count ++ ;
#endif
return;
}
void my_schedule(void)
{
tPCB * next;
tPCB * prev;
if(my_current_task == NULL
|| my_current_task->next == NULL)
{
return;
}
printk(KERN_NOTICE ">>>my_schedule<<<\n");
/* schedule */
next = my_current_task->next;
prev = my_current_task;
if(next->state == 0)/* -1 unrunnable, 0 runnable, >0 stopped */
{
my_current_task = next;
printk(KERN_NOTICE ">>>switch %d to %d<<<\n",prev->pid,next->pid);
/* switch to next process */
asm volatile(
"pushl %%ebp\n\t" /* save ebp */
"movl %%esp,%0\n\t" /* save esp */
"movl %2,%%esp\n\t" /* restore esp */
"movl $1f,%1\n\t" /* save eip */
"pushl %3\n\t"
"ret\n\t" /* restore eip */
"1:\t" /* next process start here */
"popl %%ebp\n\t"
: "=m" (prev->thread.sp),"=m" (prev->thread.ip)
: "m" (next->thread.sp),"m" (next->thread.ip)
);
}
return;
}
代码中首先定义/声明了一些全局变量:
extern tPCB task[MAX_TASK_NUM]
,此变量在mymain.c
文件中定义,此处为外部声明extern tPCB * my_current_task
,同上extern volatile int my_need_sched
,同上volatile int time_count = 0
,此处定义了一个全局变量,用来模拟时间片
定义了my_timer_handler函数和my_schedule函数:
my_timer_handler函数
void my_timer_handler(void)
{
#if 1
if(time_count%1000 == 0 && my_need_sched != 1)
{
printk(KERN_NOTICE ">>>my_timer_handler here<<<\n");
my_need_sched = 1;
}
time_count ++ ;
#endif
return;
}
此函数的功能是当时间片为1000的整数倍时,就将全局变量my_need_sched的值置为1,这样mymain.c中的my_process函数就可以调用my_schedule函数来进行进程切换了。
my_schedule函数
void my_schedule(void)
{
tPCB * next;
tPCB * prev;
if(my_current_task == NULL
|| my_current_task->next == NULL)
{
return;
}
printk(KERN_NOTICE ">>>my_schedule<<<\n");
/* schedule */
next = my_current_task->next;
prev = my_current_task;
if(next->state == 0)/* -1 unrunnable, 0 runnable, >0 stopped */
{
my_current_task = next;
printk(KERN_NOTICE ">>>switch %d to %d<<<\n",prev->pid,next->pid);
/* switch to next process */
asm volatile(
"pushl %%ebp\n\t" /* save ebp */
"movl %%esp,%0\n\t" /* save esp */
"movl %2,%%esp\n\t" /* restore esp */
"movl $1f,%1\n\t" /* save eip */
"pushl %3\n\t"
"ret\n\t" /* restore eip */
"1:\t" /* next process start here */
"popl %%ebp\n\t"
: "=m" (prev->thread.sp),"=m" (prev->thread.ip)
: "m" (next->thread.sp),"m" (next->thread.ip)
);
}
return;
}
代码中定义了两个PCB指针:
tPCB * next
,指向下一个PCBtPCB * prev
,指向当前PCB
如果下一个进程的state
是runable
,那么就切换到下一个进程。具体实现如下:
asm volatile(
"pushl %%ebp\n\t" /* save ebp */
"movl %%esp,%0\n\t" /* save esp */
"movl %2,%%esp\n\t" /* restore esp */
"movl $1f,%1\n\t" /* save eip */
"pushl %3\n\t"
"ret\n\t" /* restore eip */
"1:\t" /* next process start here */
"popl %%ebp\n\t"
: "=m" (prev->thread.sp),"=m" (prev->thread.ip)
: "m" (next->thread.sp),"m" (next->thread.ip)
);
以上代码的功能是切换进程堆栈,保存当前进程的上下文、切换到另一进程的上下文。
3、总结
通过这次实验,我深刻的了解了操作系统中的进程调度与中断机制。它们的实现中用到了堆栈空间和各种寄存器来保存和恢复现场,以保证进程上下文的切换。通过这种方式进行的进程调度,能让操作系统的资源得到合理的分配,从而提高计算机的运行效率。