文件系统的其他操作

文件系统除了基本的I/O操作外，还有很多特征和性质，比如文件读、写、执行权限，文件所有者、所属组等等。

1. 函数stat、fstat、fstatat、lstat

1.1 定义:

(位于 /usr/include/sys/stat.h,四个函数成功返回0,出错返回-1)

/* Get file attributes for FILE and put them in BUF.  */
int stat (const char *__restrict __file,struct stat *__restrict__buf);

/* Get file attributes for the file, device, pipe, or socket
   that file descriptor FD is open on and put them in BUF.  */
int fstat (int __fd, struct stat *__buf);

/* Similar to stat, get the attributes for FILE and put them in BUF.
   Relative path names are interpreted relative to FD unless FD is
   AT_FDCWD.  */
int fstatat (int __fd, const char *__restrict __file, struct stat *__restrict __buf, int __flag);

/* Get file attributes about FILE and put them in BUF.
   If FILE is a symbolic link, do not follow it.  */
extern int lstat (const char *__restrict __file, struct stat *__restrict __buf);

1.2 使用:

stat函数的第一个参数为文件的带路径名，stat函数返回此文件的属性-struct stat ，并传递给第二个参数 buf.

fstat函数获得在文件描述符fd上打开文件的属性-struct stat,并传递给第二个参数buf.

fstatat函数为一个相对于当前打开目录(__fd参数指向)的路径名返回文件属性.
lstat函数获取文件属性–struct stat，并传递给参数buf.

1.2.1 结构体stat的定义:

(位于/usr/bits/stat.h，文件权限和文件类型位于st_mode中,由于兼容32位和64位平台原因结构体中多了很多宏)

struct stat
  {
    __dev_t st_dev;     /* Device.  */
#ifndef __x86_64__
    unsigned short int __pad1;
#endif
#if defined __x86_64__ || !defined __USE_FILE_OFFSET64
    __ino_t st_ino;     /* File serial number.  */
#else
    __ino_t __st_ino;           /* 32bit file serial number.    */
#endif
#ifndef __x86_64__
    __mode_t st_mode;           /* File mode.  */
    __nlink_t st_nlink;         /* Link count.  */
#else
    __nlink_t st_nlink;     /* Link count.  */
    __mode_t st_mode;       /* File mode.  */
#endif
    __uid_t st_uid;     /* User ID of the file's owner. */
    __gid_t st_gid;     /* Group ID of the file's group.*/
#ifdef __x86_64__
    int __pad0;
#endif
    __dev_t st_rdev;        /* Device number, if device.  */
#ifndef __x86_64__
    unsigned short int __pad2;
#endif
#if defined __x86_64__ || !defined __USE_FILE_OFFSET64
    __off_t st_size;            /* Size of file, in bytes.  */
#else
    __off64_t st_size;          /* Size of file, in bytes.  */
#endif
    __blksize_t st_blksize; /* Optimal block size for I/O.  */
#if defined __x86_64__  || !defined __USE_FILE_OFFSET64
    __blkcnt_t st_blocks;       /* Number 512-byte blocks allocated. */
#else
    __blkcnt64_t st_blocks;     /* Number 512-byte blocks allocated. */
#endif
#ifdef __USE_XOPEN2K8
    /* Nanosecond resolution timestamps are stored in a format
       equivalent to 'struct timespec'.  This is the type used
       whenever possible but the Unix namespace rules do not allow the
       identifier 'timespec' to appear in the <sys/stat.h> header.
       Therefore we have to handle the use of this header in strictly
       standard-compliant sources special.  */
    struct timespec st_atim;        /* Time of last access.  */
    struct timespec st_mtim;        /* Time of last modification.  */
    struct timespec st_ctim;        /* Time of last status change.  */
# define st_atime st_atim.tv_sec    /* Backward compatibility.  */
# define st_mtime st_mtim.tv_sec
# define st_ctime st_ctim.tv_sec
#else
    __time_t st_atime;          /* Time of last access.  */
    __syscall_ulong_t st_atimensec; /* Nscecs of last access.  */
    __time_t st_mtime;          /* Time of last modification.  */
    __syscall_ulong_t st_mtimensec; /* Nsecs of last modification.  */
    __time_t st_ctime;          /* Time of last status change.  */
    __syscall_ulong_t st_ctimensec; /* Nsecs of last status change.  */
#endif
#ifdef __x86_64__
    __syscall_slong_t __glibc_reserved[3];
#else
# ifndef __USE_FILE_OFFSET64
    unsigned long int __glibc_reserved4;
    unsigned long int __glibc_reserved5;
# else
    __ino64_t st_ino;           /* File serial number.  */
# endif
#endif
  };

2. 文件类型

文件类型包含在stat结构的st_mode成员中。

文件类型	宏
S_ISREG()	普通文件
S_ISDIR()	目录文件
S_ISCHR()	字符特殊文件
S_ISBLK()	块特殊文件
S_ISFIFO()	管道或FIFO
S_IFLINK()	符号链接
S_ISSOCK()	套接字

2.1 打印文件类型demo

fileflags.c

#include "apue.h"
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    int i;
    struct stat buf;
    char *ptr;

    for(i=1; i<argc;++i){
        printf("%s: ",argv[i]);
        if (lstat(argv[i], &buf )<0){
            err_ret("lstat error");
            continue;
        }
        if (S_ISREG(buf.st_mode))
            ptr = "regular";
        else if (S_ISDIR(buf.st_mode))
                ptr = "directory";
        else if ( S_ISCHR(buf.st_mode))
                ptr = "character special";
        else if (S_ISBLK(buf.st_mode))
                ptr = "block special";
        else if (S_ISFIFO(buf.st_mode))
                ptr = "fifo";
        else if( S_ISLNK(buf.st_mode))
                ptr = "symbolic link";
        else if (S_ISSOCK(buf.st_mode))
                ptr = "socket";
        else
            ptr="** unkown mode **";
        printf("%s\n", ptr);
    }
    exit(0);
}

4. 文件访问权限

st_mode值也包含了对文件的访问权限位，每个文件有9个访问权限位。

st_mode屏蔽	含义
S_IRUSR	用户读
S_IWUSR	用户写
S_IXUSR	用户执行
S_IRGRP	组读
S_IWGRP	组写
S_IXGRP	组执行
S_IROTH	其他读
S_IWOTH	其他写
S_IXOTH	其他执行

5. 函数access和faccessat

用于验证实际用户能否访问给定的文件

5.1 定义

(两个函数的返回值:成功,返回0.出错返回 -1)

 #include <unistd.h>
int access(const char *path, int amode);
int faccessat(int fd, const char *path, int amode, int flag);

faccessat与access函数在下面2中情况下是相同的：一种是path参数为绝对路径，另一种是fd参数取值位AT_FDCWD而path参数为相对路径,否则,faccessat计算相对于打开目录(fd参数指向)的path

5.1.2 参数mode取值说明

mode	说明
R_OK	测试读权限
W_OK	测试写权限
X_OK	测试执行权限

### 5.2 access函数的使用demo
“`
#include “apue.h”

include