[LeetCode] String to Integer(atoi)

[Problem]

Implement atoi to convert a string to an integer.

Hint: Carefully consider all possible input cases. If you want a challenge, please do not see below and ask yourself what are the possible input cases.

Notes: It is intended for this problem to be specified vaguely (ie, no given input specs). You are responsible to gather all the input requirements up front.

Requirements for atoi:

The function first discards as many whitespace characters as necessary until the first non-whitespace character is found. Then, starting from this character, takes an optional initial plus or minus sign followed by as many numerical digits as possible, and interprets them as a numerical value.

The string can contain additional characters after those that form the integral number, which are ignored and have no effect on the behavior of this function.

If the first sequence of non-whitespace characters in str is not a valid integral number, or if no such sequence exists because either str is empty or it contains only whitespace characters, no conversion is performed.

If no valid conversion could be performed, a zero value is returned. If the correct value is out of the range of representable values, INT_MAX (2147483647) or INT_MIN (-2147483648) is returned.

[Analysis]
需要注意以下几点：
（1）过滤前导空格
（2）过滤前导正、负号（只能有一个，出现多个则认为非法）
（3）从非法字符开始往后的所有字符全部被过滤掉
（4）整数溢出，这个是最重要的，再判断最大数溢出和最小数溢出时，需要使用字符串比较大小的方法

[Solution]

class Solution {
public:
    // if str is bigger than target
    bool bigger(const char *str, int start, const char *target){
        int len = 0, i = start, j = 0;
   
        // get length
        while(str[i] != '\0'){
            if(str[i] >= '0' && str[i] <= '9'){
                len++;
                i++;
            }
            else{
                break;
            }
        }
   
        // compare length
        if(len < strlen(target)){
            return false;
        }
        else if(len > strlen(target)){
            return true;
        }
        // compare value
        else{
            i = start;
            j = 0;
            while(target[j] != '\0'){
                if(str[i] - '0' > target[j] - '0'){
                    return true;
                }
                else if(str[i] - '0' < target[j] - '0'){
                    return false;
                }
                i++;
                j++;
            }
        }
        return false;
    }
   
    // atoi
    int atoi(const char *str) {
        // Start typing your C/C++ solution below
        // DO NOT write int main() function
       
        // result
        int res = 0, i = 0;
        bool mark = true;
        char MAX[20] = "2147483647";
        char MIN[20] = "2147483648";
   
        // filter heading blanks
        while(str[i] == ' '){
            i++;
        }
   
        // filter + or -
        if(str[i] == '+'){
            mark = true;
            i++;
        }
        else if(str[i] == '-'){
            mark = false;
            i++;
        }
        int start = i;
   
        // check bound
        if(mark && bigger(str, start, MAX)){
            return INT_MAX;
        }
        if(!mark && bigger(str, start, MIN)){
            return INT_MIN;
        }
   
        // convert
        i = start;
        while(str[i] != '\0'){
            if(str[i] >= '0' && str[i] <= '9'){
                res = res * 10 + (str[i] - '0');
            }
            else{
                // format error
                break;
            }
            i++;
        }
   
        // set mark
        if(!mark){
            res *= -1;
        }
        return res;
    }
};

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