Java并发源码：ConcurrentHashMap
为什么要使用ConcurrentHashMap
- 不安全的HashMap
- 效率低下的HashTable
- ConcurrentHashMap的锁分段技术可以有效提升并发访问率
ConcurrentHashMap的结构
ConcurrentHashMap是由Segment数组结构和HashEntry数组结构组成的。
Jdk1.7 Segment是一种可重入锁（继承了ReentrantLock），HashEntry用来存储key-value数据，一个ConcurrentHashMap包含一个Segment数组。
Jdk1.8 ConcurrentHashMap取消了Segment分段锁，采用CAS和synchronized来保证并发安全。数据结构跟HashMap1.8的结构类似，数组+链表/红黑二叉树。Java 8在链表长度超过一定阈值（8）时将链表（寻址时间复杂度为O(N)）转换为红黑树（寻址时间复杂度为O(log(N)))。
Synchronized只是对首节点进行锁定，只要hash不冲突，就不会产生并发。
下面是一些ConcurrentHashMap的变量。
/**
* Table initialization and resizing control. When negative, the
* table is being initialized or resized: -1 for initialization,
* else -(1 + the number of active resizing threads). Otherwise,
* when table is null, holds the initial table size to use upon
* creation, or 0 for default. After initialization, holds the
* next element count value upon which to resize the table.
hash表初始化或扩容时的一个控制位标识量。
负数代表正在进行初始化或扩容操作
-1代表正在初始化
-N 表示有N-1个线程正在进行扩容操作
正数或0代表hash表还没有被初始化，这个数值表示初始化或下一次进行扩容的大小
*/
private transient volatile int sizeCtl;
// 以下两个是用来控制扩容的时候 单线程进入的变量
/**
* The number of bits used for generation stamp in sizeCtl.
* Must be at least 6 for 32bit arrays.
*/
private static int RESIZE_STAMP_BITS = 16;
/**
* The bit shift for recording size stamp in sizeCtl.
*/
private static final int RESIZE_STAMP_SHIFT = 32 - RESIZE_STAMP_BITS;
/*
* Encodings for Node hash fields. See above for explanation.
*/
static final int MOVED = -1; // hash值是-1，表示这是一个forwardNode节点
static final int TREEBIN = -2; // hash值是-2 表示这时一个TreeBin节点
put
public V put(K key, V value) {
return putVal(key, value, false);
}
final V putVal(K key, V value, boolean onlyIfAbsent) {
if (key == null || value == null) throw new NullPointerException();
//获取key的hash值，并进行再散列，为了分布的更均匀，防止冲突。
int hash = spread(key.hashCode());
int binCount = 0;
//这里使用的CAS机制。不断重试，直到成功为止。
for (Node<K,V>[] tab = table;;) {
Node<K,V> f; int n, i, fh;
if (tab == null || (n = tab.length) == 0)
//初始化tab
tab = initTable();
//通过hash定位Node[]数组的索引坐标，是否有Node节点，如果没有则使用CAS进行添加（链表的头结点），添加失败则进入下次循环。
else if ((f = tabAt(tab, i = (n - 1) & hash)) == null) {
if (casTabAt(tab, i, null,
new Node<K,V>(hash, key, value, null)))
break; // no lock when adding to empty bin
}
//检查到内部正在移动元素（Node[] 数组扩容）
else if ((fh = f.hash) == MOVED)
tab = helpTransfer(tab, f);
else {
V oldVal = null;
//锁住链表或红黑二叉树的头结点
synchronized (f) {
//判断f是否是链表的头结点
if (tabAt(tab, i) == f) {
//判断是链表节点
if (fh >= 0) {
binCount = 1;
//遍历所有节点，如果存在，则更新value。不存在则添加到链表尾部
for (Node<K,V> e = f;; ++binCount) {
K ek;
if (e.hash == hash &&
((ek = e.key) == key ||
(ek != null && key.equals(ek)))) {
oldVal = e.val;
if (!onlyIfAbsent)
e.val = value;
break;
}
Node<K,V> pred = e;
if ((e = e.next) == null) {
pred.next = new Node<K,V>(hash, key,
value, null);
break;
}
}
}
//判断是红黑树节点
else if (f instanceof TreeBin) {
Node<K,V> p;
binCount = 2;
//添加红黑树节点。
if ((p = ((TreeBin<K,V>)f).putTreeVal(hash, key,
value)) != null) {
oldVal = p.val;
if (!onlyIfAbsent)
p.val = value;
}
}
}
}
if (binCount != 0) {
//长度大于默认8，则变成红黑树。
if (binCount >= TREEIFY_THRESHOLD)
treeifyBin(tab, i);
if (oldVal != null)
return oldVal;
break;
}
}
}
// 计数增加1，有可能触发transfer操作(扩容)。
addCount(1L, binCount);
return null;
}
/**
* Spreads (XORs) higher bits of hash to lower and also forces top
* bit to 0. Because the table uses power-of-two masking, sets of
* hashes that vary only in bits above the current mask will
* always collide. (Among known examples are sets of Float keys
* holding consecutive whole numbers in small tables.) So we
* apply a transform that spreads the impact of higher bits
* downward. There is a tradeoff between speed, utility, and
* quality of bit-spreading. Because many common sets of hashes
* are already reasonably distributed (so don't benefit from
* spreading), and because we use trees to handle large sets of
* collisions in bins, we just XOR some shifted bits in the
* cheapest possible way to reduce systematic lossage, as well as
* to incorporate impact of the highest bits that would otherwise
* never be used in index calculations because of table bounds.
*/
static final int spread(int h) {
return (h ^ (h >>> 16)) & HASH_BITS;
}
//初始化Node数组
private final Node<K,V>[] initTable() {
Node<K,V>[] tab; int sc;
while ((tab = table) == null || tab.length == 0) {
//如果小于0，则表明正在初始化。
if ((sc = sizeCtl) < 0)
//让出CPU，只是旋转。
Thread.yield(); // lost initialization race; just spin
else if (U.compareAndSwapInt(this, SIZECTL, sc, -1)) {
try {
if ((tab = table) == null || tab.length == 0) {
//默认为16
int n = (sc > 0) ? sc : DEFAULT_CAPACITY;
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
Node<K,V>[] nt = (Node<K,V>[])new Node<?,?>[n];
table = tab = nt;
sc = n - (n >>> 2);
}
} finally {
sizeCtl = sc;
}
break;
}
}
return tab;
}
/**
* Helps transfer if a resize is in progress.
* 如果正在调整大小，则帮助扩容。
*/
final Node<K,V>[] helpTransfer(Node<K,V>[] tab, Node<K,V> f) {
Node<K,V>[] nextTab; int sc;
if (tab != null && (f instanceof ForwardingNode) &&
(nextTab = ((ForwardingNode<K,V>)f).nextTable) != null) {
int rs = resizeStamp(tab.length);
while (nextTab == nextTable && table == tab &&
(sc = sizeCtl) < 0) {
if ((sc >>> RESIZE_STAMP_SHIFT) != rs || sc == rs + 1 ||
sc == rs + MAX_RESIZERS || transferIndex <= 0)
break;
if (U.compareAndSwapInt(this, SIZECTL, sc, sc + 1)) {
transfer(tab, nextTab);
break;
}
}
return nextTab;
}
return table;
}
//转换成红黑树
private final void treeifyBin(Node<K,V>[] tab, int index) {
Node<K,V> b; int n, sc;
if (tab != null) {
//如果当前Node长度小于64，则进行扩容。
if ((n = tab.length) < MIN_TREEIFY_CAPACITY)
tryPresize(n << 1);
else if ((b = tabAt(tab, index)) != null && b.hash >= 0) {
synchronized (b) {
if (tabAt(tab, index) == b) {
TreeNode<K,V> hd = null, tl = null;
for (Node<K,V> e = b; e != null; e = e.next) {
TreeNode<K,V> p =
new TreeNode<K,V>(e.hash, e.key, e.val,
null, null);
if ((p.prev = tl) == null)
hd = p;
else
tl.next = p;
tl = p;
}
setTabAt(tab, index, new TreeBin<K,V>(hd));
}
}
}
}
}
private final void addCount(long x, int check) {
CounterCell[] as; long b, s;
if ((as = counterCells) != null ||
!U.compareAndSwapLong(this, BASECOUNT, b = baseCount, s = b + x)) {
CounterCell a; long v; int m;
boolean uncontended = true;
if (as == null || (m = as.length - 1) < 0 ||
(a = as[ThreadLocalRandom.getProbe() & m]) == null ||
!(uncontended =
U.compareAndSwapLong(a, CELLVALUE, v = a.value, v + x))) {
fullAddCount(x, uncontended);
return;
}
if (check <= 1)
return;
s = sumCount();
}
if (check >= 0) {
Node<K,V>[] tab, nt; int n, sc;
while (s >= (long)(sc = sizeCtl) && (tab = table) != null &&
(n = tab.length) < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) {
int rs = resizeStamp(n);
if (sc < 0) {
if ((sc >>> RESIZE_STAMP_SHIFT) != rs || sc == rs + 1 ||
sc == rs + MAX_RESIZERS || (nt = nextTable) == null ||
transferIndex <= 0)
break;
if (U.compareAndSwapInt(this, SIZECTL, sc, sc + 1))
transfer(tab, nt);
}
else if (U.compareAndSwapInt(this, SIZECTL, sc,
(rs << RESIZE_STAMP_SHIFT) + 2))
transfer(tab, null);
s = sumCount();
}
}
}
put
public V get(Object key) {
Node<K,V>[] tab; Node<K,V> e, p; int n, eh; K ek;
//对hash值再散列
int h = spread(key.hashCode());
if ((tab = table) != null && (n = tab.length) > 0 &&
(e = tabAt(tab, (n - 1) & h)) != null) {
//在桶上
if ((eh = e.hash) == h) {
if ((ek = e.key) == key || (ek != null && key.equals(ek)))
return e.val;
}
//在红黑树上
else if (eh < 0)
return (p = e.find(h, key)) != null ? p.val : null;
//在链表上。
while ((e = e.next) != null) {
if (e.hash == h &&
((ek = e.key) == key || (ek != null && key.equals(ek))))
return e.val;
}
}
return null;
}
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