为了在OpenWrt中提供守护进程和应用程序间的通讯，开发了ubus项目工程。它包含了守护进程、库以及一些额外的帮助程序。
核心部分是ubusd守护进程，它提供了其他守护进程将自己注册以及发送消息的接口。因为这个，接口通过使用Unix socket来实现，并使用TLV(type-length-value)消息。
为了简化软件的开发，可以使用已有的libubus库来使用ubus(连接ubus)。
每个守护进程在自己的名称空间中注册自有的路径。每个路径可以提供多个带有不定数量参数的方法，方法可以通过消息回复调用。
代码在LGPL 2.1授权方法下发布，你可以通过git在git://nbd.name/luci2/ubus.git或通过http在http://nbd.name/gitweb.cgi?p=luci2/ubus.git;a=summary获取。 ubus从r28499起被包含在OpenWrt中。
ubus命令行工具
ubus可以和ubusd服务器交互(和当前所有已经注册的服务). 它对研究和调试注册的命名空间以及编写脚本非常有用。对于调用带参数和返回信息的方法，它使用友好的JSON格式。下面是它的命令说明。
list
缺省列出所有通过RPC服务器注册的命名空间:
root@uplink:~# ubus list network network.device network.interface.lan network.interface.loopback network.interface.wan root@uplink:~#
如果调用时包含参数-v,将会显示指定命名空间更多方法参数等信息:
root@uplink:~# ubus -v list network.interface.lan
'network.interface.lan' @099f0c8b
"up": { }
"down": { }
"status": { }
"prepare": { }
"add_device": { "name": "String" }
"remove_device": { "name": "String" }
"notify_proto": { }
"remove": { }
"set_data": { }
root@uplink:~#
call
调用指定命名空间中指定的方法，并且通过消息传递给它:
root@uplink:~# ubus call network.interface.wan status
{
"up": true,
"pending": false,
"available": true,
"autostart": true,
"uptime": 86017,
"l3_device": "eth1",
"device": "eth1",
"address": [
{
"address": "178.25.65.236",
"mask": 21
}
],
"route": [
{
"target": "0.0.0.0",
"mask": 0,
"nexthop": "178.25.71.254"
}
],
"data": {
}
}
root@uplink:~#
消息参数必须是有效的JSON字符串，并且携带函数所要求的键及值:
root@uplink:~# ubus call network.device status '{ "name": "eth0" }'
{
"type": "Network device",
"up": true,
"link": true,
"mtu": 1500,
"macaddr": "c6:3d:c7:90:aa:da",
"txqueuelen": 1000,
"statistics": {
"collisions": 0,
"rx_frame_errors": 0,
"tx_compressed": 0,
"multicast": 0,
"rx_length_errors": 0,
"tx_dropped": 0,
"rx_bytes": 0,
"rx_missed_errors": 0,
"tx_errors": 0,
"rx_compressed": 0,
"rx_over_errors": 0,
"tx_fifo_errors": 0,
"rx_crc_errors": 0,
"rx_packets": 0,
"tx_heartbeat_errors": 0,
"rx_dropped": 0,
"tx_aborted_errors": 0,
"tx_packets": 184546,
"rx_errors": 0,
"tx_bytes": 17409452,
"tx_window_errors": 0,
"rx_fifo_errors": 0,
"tx_carrier_errors": 0
}
}
root@uplink:~#
listen
设置一个监听socket并观察进入的事件:
root@uplink:~# ubus listen &
root@uplink:~# ubus call network.interface.wan down
{ "network.interface": { "action": "ifdown", "interface": "wan" } }
root@uplink:~# ubus call network.interface.wan up
{ "network.interface": { "action": "ifup", "interface": "wan" } }
{ "network.interface": { "action": "ifdown", "interface": "he" } }
{ "network.interface": { "action": "ifdown", "interface": "v6" } }
{ "network.interface": { "action": "ifup", "interface": "he" } }
{ "network.interface": { "action": "ifup", "interface": "v6" } }
root@uplink:~#
send
发送一个事件提醒:
root@uplink:~# ubus listen &
root@uplink:~# ubus send foo '{ "bar": "baz" }'
{ "foo": { "bar": "baz" } }
root@uplink:~#
通过HTTP访问ubus
这里有个叫做uhttpd-mod-ubus的uhttpd插件允许通过HTTP协议来调用ubus，请求必须通过POST方法发送/ubus(除非有修改)URL请求。这个接口使用了jsonrpc v2.0这里有几个步骤需要你去了解。 (Documentation written while using BarrierBreaker r40831, ymmv)
ACL访问控制列表
通过ssh登陆后，你可直接访问，并且拥有ubus的所有权限。但是无论何时，当你在uhttpd通过/ubus访问ubus时，uhttpd runs "ubus call session access '{ ubus-rpc-session, requested-object, requested-method }' and whoever is providing the ubus session.* namespace is in charge of implementing the ACL. This happens to be rpcd at the moment, with the http-json interface, for friendly operation with browser code, but this is just one possible implmementation. Because we're using rpcd to implement the ACLs at this time, this allows/requires (depending on your point of view) ACLs to be configured in /usr/share/rpcd/acl.d/*.json. The names of the files in /usr/share/rpcd/acl.d/*.json don't matter, but the top level keys define roles. The default acl, listed below, only defines the login methods, so you can login, but you still wouldn't be able to do anything.
{
"unauthenticated": {
"description": "Access controls for unauthenticated requests",
"read": {
"ubus": {
"session": [ "access", "login" ]
}
}
}
}
An example of a complicated ACL, allowing quite fine grained access to different ubus modules and methods is available in the Luci2 project
An example of a "security is for suckers" config, where a "superuser" ACL group is defined, allowing unrestricted access to everything, is shown below. (This illustrates the usage of '*' definitions in the ACLs, but keep reading for better examples) Placing this file in /usr/share/rpcd/acl.d/superuser.json will help you move forward to the next steps.
{
"superuser": {
"description": "Super user access role",
"read": {
"ubus": {
"*": [ "*" ]
},
"uci": [ "*" ]
},
"write": {
"ubus": {
"*": [ "*" ]
},
"uci": [ "*" ]
}
}
}
Below is an example of an ACL definition that only allows access to some specific ubus modules, rather than unrestricted access to everything.
{
"lesssuperuser": {
"description": "not quite as super user",
"read": {
"ubus": {
"file": [ "*" ],
"log": [ "*" ],
"service": [ "*" ],
},
},
"write": {
"ubus": {
"file": [ "*" ],
"log": [ "*" ],
"service": [ "*" ],
},
}
}
}
Note: Before we leave this section, you may have noticed that there's both a "ubus" and a "uci" section, even though ubus has a uci method. The uci: scope is used for the uci api provided by rpcd to allow defining per-file permissions because using the ubus scope you can only say "uci set" is allowed or not allowed but not specify that it is allowed to e.g. modify /e/c/system but not /e/c/network If your application/ACL doesn't need UCI access, you can just leave out the UCI section altogether.
Authentication
Now that we have an ACL that allows operations beyond just logging in, we can actually try this out. As mentioned, rpcd is handling this, so you need an entry in /etc/config/rpcd
config login option username 'root' option password '$p$root' list read '*' list write '*'The
$p magic means to look in
/etc/shadow and the
$root part means to use the password for the root user in that file. The list of read and write sections, those map acl roles to user accounts. You can also use
$1$<hash>which is a "crypt()" hash, using SHA1, exactly as used in /etc/shadow. You can generate these with, eg, "uhhtpd -m secret"
To login and receive a session id:
$ curl -d '{ "jsonrpc": "2.0", "id": 1, "method": "call", "params": [ "00000000000000000000000000000000", "session", "login", { "username": "root", "password": "secret" } ] }' http://your.server.ip/ubus
{"jsonrpc":"2.0","id":1,"result":[0,{"ubus_rpc_session":"c1ed6c7b025d0caca723a816fa61b668","timeout":300,"expires":299,"acls":{"access-group":{"superuser":["read","write"],"unauthenticated":["read"]},"ubus":{"*":["*"],"session":["access","login"]},"uci":{"*":["read","write"]}},"data":{"username":"root"}}]}
The sessionid "00000000000000000000000000000000" (32 zeros) is a special null-session which just has enough access rights for the session.login ubus call. A session has a timeout, that is specified when you login, but has a default. You can request a longer timeout in your initial login call, with a "timeout" key in the login parameters section.
If you ever receive a response like, {"jsonrpc":"2.0","id":1,"result":[6]} That is a valid jsonrpc response, 6 is the ubus code for UBUS_STATUS_PERMISSION_DENIED (you'll get this if you try and login before setting up the "superuser" file, or any file that gives you anymore rights than just being allowed to attempt logins.
To list all active sessions, try ubus call session list
Session management
A session is automatically renewned on every use. There are plans to use these sessions even for luci1, but at present, if you use this interface in a luci1 environment, you'll need to manage sessions yourself.
Actually making calls
Now that you have a ubus_rpc_session you can make calls, based on your ACLs and the available ubus services. ubus list -v is your primary documentation on what can be done, but see the rest of this page for more information. For example, ubus list file -v returns
'file' @24a6bd4a
"read":{"path":"String","data":"String"}
"write":{"path":"String","data":"String"}
"list":{"path":"String","data":"String"}
"stat":{"path":"String","data":"String"}
"exec":{"command":"String","params":"Array","env":"Table"}
The json container format is:
{ "jsonrpc": "2.0",
"id": <unique-id-to-identify-request>,
"method": "call",
"params": [
<ubus_rpc_session>, <ubus_object>, <ubus_method>,
{ <ubus_arguments> }
]
} The "id" key is merely echo'ed by the server, so it needs not be strictly unique, it's mainly intended for client software to easily correlate responses to previously made requests. It's type is either a string or a number, so it can be an sha1 hash, md5 sum, sequence counter, unix timestamp, ….
An example request to read a file would be:
$ curl -d '{ "jsonrpc": "2.0", "id": 1, "method": "call", "params": [ "7cba69a942c0e9db1eb7982cd91f3a48", "file", "read", { "path": "/tmp/hello.karl" } ] }' http://eg-134867.local/ubus
{"jsonrpc":"2.0","id":1,"result":[0,{"data":"this is the contents of a file\n"}]}
Lua module for ubus
This is even possible to use ubus in lua scripts. Of course it's not possible to use native libraries directly in lua, so an extra module has been created. It's simply called ubus and is a simple interface between lua scripts and the ubus (it uses libubus internally).
Load module
require "ubus"
Establish connection
local conn = ubus.connect()
if not conn then
error("Failed to connect to ubusd")
end
Iterate all namespaces and procedures
local namespaces = conn:objects()
for i, n in ipairs(namespaces) do
print("namespace=" .. n)
local signatures = conn:signatures(n)
for p, s in pairs(signatures) do
print("\tprocedure=" .. p)
for k, v in pairs(s) do
print("\t\tattribute=" .. k .. " type=" .. v)
end
end
end
Call a procedure
local status = conn:call("network.device", "status", { name = "eth0" })
for k, v in pairs(status) do
print("key=" .. k .. " value=" .. tostring(v))
end
Close connection
conn:close()
Namespaces & Procedures
As explained earlier, there can be many different daemons (services) registered in ubus. Below you will find a list of the most common projects with namespaces, paths and procedures they provide.
netifd
| Path | Procedure | Signature | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
network | restart | { } | Restart the network, reconfigures all interfaces |
network | reload | { } | Reload the network, reconfigure as needed |
network.device | status | { "name": "ifname" } | Dump status of given network device ifname |
network.device | set_state | { "name": "ifname", "defer": deferred } | Defer or ready the given network device ifname, depending on the boolean value deferred |
network.interface.name | up | { } | Bring interface name up |
network.interface.name | down | { } | Bring interface name down |
network.interface.name | status | { } | Dump status of interface name |
network.interface.name | prepare | { } | Prepare setup of interface name |
network.interface.name | add_device | { "name": "ifname" } | Add network device ifname to interface name (e.g. for bridges: brctl addif br-name ifname) |
network.interface.name | remove_device | { "name": "ifname" } | Remove network device ifname from interface name (e.g. for bridges: brctl delif br-name ifname) |
network.interface.name | remove | { } | Remove interface name (?) |
rpcd
Project rpcd is set of small plugins providing sets of ubus procedures in separated namespaces. These plugins are not strictly related to any particular software (like netifd or dhcp) so it wasn't worth it to implement them as separated projects.
| Path | Procedure | Signature | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
file | read | ? | ? |
file | write | ? | ? |
file | list | ? | ? |
file | stat | ? | ? |
file | exec | ? | ? |
| Path | Procedure | Signature | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
iwinfo | info | ? | ? |
iwinfo | scan | ? | ? |
iwinfo | assoclist | ? | ? |
iwinfo | freqlist | ? | ? |
iwinfo | txpowerlist | ? | ? |
iwinfo | countrylist | ? | ? |
| Path | Procedure | Signature | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
session | list | { "session": "sid" } | Dump session specified by sid, if no ID is given, dump all sessions |
session | create | { "timeout": timeout } | Create a new session and return its ID, set the session timeout to timeout |
session | grant | { "session": "sid", "objects": [ [ "path", "func" ], … ] } | Within the session identified by sid grant access to all specified procedures func in the namespace path listed in the objects array |
session | revoke | { "session": "sid", "objects": [ [ "path", "func" ], … ] } | Within the session identified by sid revoke access to all specified procedures func in the namespace path listed in the objects array. If objects is unset, revoke all access |
session | access | ? | ? |
session | set | { "session": "sid", "values": { "key": value, … } } | Within the session identified by sid store the given arbitrary values under their corresponding keys specified in the values object |
session | get | { "session": "sid", "keys": [ "key", … ] } | Within the session identified by sid retrieve all values associated with the given keys listed in the keys array. If the key array is unset, dump all key/value pairs |
session | unset | { "session": "sid", "keys": [ "key", … ] } | Within the session identified by sid unset all keys listed in the keys array. If the key list is unset, clear all keys |
session | destroy | { "session": "sid" } | Terminate the session identified by the given ID sid |
session | login | ? | ? |
| Path | Procedure | Signature | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
uci | get | { "package": "package", "section": "sname", "type": "type", "option": "oname" } |
Return the requested uci value(s), all arguments are optional.
Return messages:
|
uci | set | { "package": "package", "section": "sname", "option": "oname", "value": "value" } |
Set the given value(s), the option argument is optional.
The call does not produce any data, instead it returns with the following status codes:
|
uci | add | { "package": "package", "type": "type" } |
Add new anonymous section of given type.
Return message:
|
uci | delete | { "package": "package", "section": "sname", "type": "type", "option": "oname" } |
Delete the given value(s) or section(s), the option and type arguments are optional.
The call does not result in any data, instead it returns the following status codes:
|
代码片段
Check if Link is up using devstatus and Json
#!/bin/sh . /usr/share/libubox/jshn.sh WANDEV="$(uci get network.wan.ifname)" json_load "$(devstatus $WANDEV)" json_get_var var1 speed json_get_var var2 link echo "Speed: $var1" echo "Link: $var2"
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