shell技能树---grep详解

Pattern selection and interpretation:
  -E, --extended-regexp     PATTERNS are extended regular expressions
  -F, --fixed-strings       PATTERNS are strings
  -G, --basic-regexp        PATTERNS are basic regular expressions
  -P, --perl-regexp         PATTERNS are Perl regular expressions
  -e, --regexp=PATTERNS     use PATTERNS for matching
  -f, --file=FILE           take PATTERNS from FILE
  -i, --ignore-case         ignore case distinctions in patterns and data
      --no-ignore-case      do not ignore case distinctions (default)
  -w, --word-regexp         match only whole words
  -x, --line-regexp         match only whole lines
  -z, --null-data           a data line ends in 0 byte, not newline

2.1.1 -E, --extended-regexp

PATTERNS are extended regular expressions
扩展的正则表达式。扩展主要是针对基础表达式而言的。两者差异参照下表。

	基础正则表达式	扩展正则表达式
字符匹配	相同	相同
次数匹配	除了*，其余需增加\。比如\?，\{m,n\}
位置锚定	相同	相同
分组	括号或者\|需要加\
引用	相同	相同

参考：【153】基本正则表达式（grep）和拓展正则表达式（egrep）-CSDN博客

2.1.1.1 字符匹配

2.1.1.2 次数匹配

2.1.1.3 位置锚定

行锚定(行首，行尾)

单词（词首，词尾）注：不包含特殊字符的连续字符组成的串叫单词
2.1.1.3 分组

2.1.1.4 引用

2.1.2 -F, --fixed-strings

PATTERNS are strings。字符串不进行转义。

2.1.3 -G, --basic-regexp

PATTERNS are basic regular expressions
基础表达式是默认的正则表达式。参照 “2.1.1 -E, --extended-regexp”章节。

2.1.4 -P, --perl-regexp

PATTERNS are Perl regular expressions
略(接触比较少，先省略)

2.1.5 -e, --regexp=PATTERNS

use PATTERNS for matching

2.1.6 -f, --file=FILE

take PATTERNS from FILE

2.1.7 -i, --ignore-case

ignore case distinctions in patterns and data

2.1.8 --no-ignore-case

do not ignore case distinctions (default)，-i 和 --no-ignore-case共存时，后来的优先。

2.1.9 -w, --word-regexp

match only whole words
仅匹配整个单词（单词是由字母，数字和下滑线组成，其余为单词的分隔符）

2.1.10 -x, --line-regexp

match only whole lines
仅匹配整行

2.1.11 -z, --null-data

a data line ends in 0 byte, not newline 使用\0作为换行符

2.2 Miscellaneous

Miscellaneous:
  -s, --no-messages         suppress error messages
  -v, --invert-match        select non-matching lines
  -V, --version             display version information and exit
      --help                display this help text and exit

2.2.1 -s, --no-messages

suppress error messages 不输出错误信息

2.2.2 -v, --invert-match

select non-matching lines 选择没有被匹配的行

2.2.3 -V, --version

display version information and exit 显示版本信息，然后退出

2.2.4 --help

display this help text and exit 显示帮助文件，然后退出

2.3 Output control

Output control:
  -m, --max-count=NUM       stop after NUM selected lines
  -b, --byte-offset         print the byte offset with output lines
  -n, --line-number         print line number with output lines
      --line-buffered       flush output on every line
  -H, --with-filename       print file name with output lines
  -h, --no-filename         suppress the file name prefix on output
      --label=LABEL         use LABEL as the standard input file name prefix
  -o, --only-matching       show only nonempty parts of lines that match
  -q, --quiet, --silent     suppress all normal output
      --binary-files=TYPE   assume that binary files are TYPE;
                            TYPE is 'binary', 'text', or 'without-match'
  -a, --text                equivalent to --binary-files=text
  -I                        equivalent to --binary-files=without-match
  -d, --directories=ACTION  how to handle directories;
                            ACTION is 'read', 'recurse', or 'skip'
  -D, --devices=ACTION      how to handle devices, FIFOs and sockets;
                            ACTION is 'read' or 'skip'
  -r, --recursive           like --directories=recurse
  -R, --dereference-recursive  likewise, but follow all symlinks
      --include=GLOB        search only files that match GLOB (a file pattern)
      --exclude=GLOB        skip files that match GLOB
      --exclude-from=FILE   skip files that match any file pattern from FILE
      --exclude-dir=GLOB    skip directories that match GLOB
  -L, --files-without-match  print only names of FILEs with no selected lines
  -l, --files-with-matches  print only names of FILEs with selected lines
  -c, --count               print only a count of selected lines per FILE
  -T, --initial-tab         make tabs line up (if needed)
  -Z, --null                print 0 byte after FILE name

2.3.1 -m, --max-count=NUM

stop after NUM selected lines 匹配的最大行数（可以理解为只输出匹配的前NUM个）

2.3.2 -b, --byte-offset

print the byte offset with output lines（输出在搜索文档中的字节的位置，注意从0开始和换行符计数）

2.3.3 -n, --line-number

print line number with output lines

2.3.4 --line-buffered

flush output on every line 对每一行都强制输出。参照以下文章，对于检测实时输出的比如tail，如果不使用--line-buffered，默认是块缓冲（默认的大小为4096 bytes，因系统和配置而异）

解决 Grep 的多次管道过滤问题-CSDN博客

2.3.5 -H, --with-filename

print file name with output lines，搜索单个文件默认不输出文件名，可以使用-H强制输出文件名。

2.3.6 -h, --no-filename

suppress the file name prefix on output 不输出文件，默认的

2.3.7 --label=LABEL

use LABEL as the standard input file name prefix

2.3.8 -o, --only-matching

show only nonempty parts of lines that match

2.3.9 -q, --quiet, --silent

suppress all normal output 不进行输出。

2.3.10 --binary-files=TYPE

assume that binary files are TYPE; TYPE is 'binary', 'text', or 'without-match'
对于普通文件不起作用。

2.3.11 -a, --text

equivalent to --binary-files=text

2.3.12 -I

equivalent to --binary-files=without-match

2.3.13 -d, --directories=ACTION

how to handle directories; ACTION is 'read', 'recurse', or 'skip'

2.3.14 -D, --devices=ACTION

how to handle devices, FIFOs and sockets; ACTION is 'read' or 'skip'

TODO

2.3.15 -r, --recursive

like --directories=recurse

2.3.16 -R, --dereference-recursive

likewise, but follow all symlinks 取消引用相同的递归

2.3.17 --include=GLOB

search only files that match GLOB (a file pattern)

2.3.18 --exclude=GLOB

skip files that match GLOB

2.3.19 --exclude-from=FILE

skip files that match any file pattern from FILE

2.3.20 --exclude-dir=GLOB

skip directories that match GLOB
正则表达式TODO

2.3.21 -L, --files-without-match

print only names of FILEs with no selected lines

2.3.22 -l, --files-with-matches

print only names of FILEs with selected lines

参照“2.3.21 -L, --files-without-match”章节。

2.3.23 -c, --count

print only a count of selected lines per FILE

2.3.24 -T, --initial-tab

make tabs line up (if needed)

2.3.25 -Z, --null

print 0 byte after FILE name

2.4 Context control

Context control:
  -B, --before-context=NUM  print NUM lines of leading context
  -A, --after-context=NUM   print NUM lines of trailing context
  -C, --context=NUM         print NUM lines of output context
  -NUM                      same as --context=NUM
      --group-separator=SEP  print SEP on line between matches with context
      --no-group-separator  do not print separator for matches with context
      --color[=WHEN],
      --colour[=WHEN]       use markers to highlight the matching strings;
                            WHEN is 'always', 'never', or 'auto'
  -U, --binary              do not strip CR characters at EOL (MSDOS/Windows)

2.4.1 -B, --before-context=NUM

print NUM lines of leading context

2.4.2 -A, --after-context=NUM

print NUM lines of trailing context

参照 “2.4.1 -B, --before-context=NUM”

2.4.3 -C, --context=NUM

print NUM lines of output context

参照 “2.4.1 -B, --before-context=NUM”

2.4.4 -NUM

same as --context=NUM

参照 “2.4.1 -B, --before-context=NUM”

2.4.5 --group-separator=SEP

print SEP on line between matches with context

2.4.6 --no-group-separator

do not print separator for matches with context
参照 “2.4.5 --group-separator=SEP”章节

2.4.7 --color[=WHEN],--colour[=WHEN]

use markers to highlight the matching strings; WHEN is 'always', 'never', or 'auto'

2.4.8 -U, --binary

do not strip CR characters at EOL (MSDOS/Windows)
TODO

2.5 Others

Exit status is 0 if any line is selected, 1 otherwise;
if any error occurs and -q is not given, the exit status is 2.

When FILE is '-', read standard input.  With no FILE, read '.' if
recursive, '-' otherwise.  With fewer than two FILEs, assume -h.


PATTERNS can contain multiple patterns separated by newlines.

2.5.1 Exit status

Exit status is 0 if any line is selected, 1 otherwise;
if any error occurs and -q is not given, the exit status is 2.

以下是两种对Exit status的应用场景

renhl@verygood:~/usb/000$ cat 1.txt
a 1
b 2
c 3
b 4
e 5
b 6
g 7
renhl@verygood:~/usb/000$ grep -q "b" 1.txt; if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then echo "Match found!"; else echo "Match not found!"; fi
Match found!
renhl@verygood:~/usb/000$ grep -q "h" 1.txt; if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then echo "Match found!"; else echo "Match not found!"; fi
Match not found!
renhl@verygood:~/usb/000$ if grep -q "b" 1.txt; then echo "Match found!"; else echo "Match not found!"; fi
Match found!
renhl@verygood:~/usb/000$ if grep -q "h" 1.txt; then echo "Match found!"; else echo "Match not found!"; fi
Match not found!
renhl@verygood:~/usb/000$

if any error occurs and -q is not given, the exit status is 2.