注解与反射
1、注解
1.1注解的概念
注解:能给人看,也能给机器看 ,机器会用反射机制进行访问。
如@Override都是注解,注解具有检查和约束的作用.如把S小写,override就报错了。
1.2内置注解
package annotation;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
/**
* author liulei
* data 5.21
* since 1.8
* version 1.0
* Description 内置注解演示
*/
public class Demo01 {
//Override 重写的注释
@Override
public String toString(){
return super.toString();
}
//Deprecated 不推荐程序员使用,但是可以使用,或者存在更好的方式
@Deprecated
public static void test()
{
System.out.println("这是个不被推荐的方法");
}
@SuppressWarnings("all")
public void test02()
{
List list = new ArrayList();
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
test();
}
}
1.3元注解
package annotation;
import java.lang.annotation.*;
/**
* author liulei
* data 5.21
* since 1.8
* version 1.0
* Description 元注解演示
*/
@Myannotation
public class Demo02 {
@Myannotation
public void test()
{
}
@Myannotation2(age = 18,name = "liulei")
public void test1(){
}
@Myannotation3(value = "ll")
public void test2(){
}
}
//定义一个注解
//Target 表示注解可以用在哪些地方
//Retention 表示我们的注解在什么地方还有效,作用的范围
//runtime>class>source
//Documented 表示是否将注解生成在Javadoc中
//Inherited 子类可以继承父类的注解
@Target(value = {ElementType.METHOD,ElementType.TYPE})
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Documented
@Inherited
@interface Myannotation{
}
@interface Myannotation2{
//注解的参数:参数类型+参数名();
String name() default "";
int age();
int id() default -1;//如果默认为-1,代表不存在
String[] schools() default {"西部开源","清华大学"};
}
@interface Myannotation3{
String value();//如果只有一个参数,则参数为value
}
2、反射
2.1反射介绍
2.2 Class类
package Reflection;
/**
* author liulei
* data 5.21
* since 1.8
* version 1.0
* Description 获取类对象的Class对象的几种方法
*/
public class Test01 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws ClassNotFoundException {
Person p = new Student("abc");
System.out.println("这个人是:"+p.name);
//方式一:通过对象获得
Class c1 = p.getClass();
System.out.println(c1.hashCode());
//方式二:forname获得
Class c2 = Class.forName("Reflection.Student");
System.out.println(c2.hashCode());
//方式三:通过类名.class获得
Class c3 = Student.class;
System.out.println(c3.hashCode());
//方式四:基本内置类型都有一个Type属性
Class c4 = Integer.TYPE;
System.out.println(c4);
//获得父类类型
Class c5 = c1.getSuperclass();
System.out.println(c5);
}
}
class Person{
public String name;
public Person(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public Person() {
}
}
class Student extends Person
{
public Student(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
}
class Teacher extends Person
{
public Teacher() {
}
public Teacher(String name) {
this.name = "老师";
}
}
package Reflection;
import java.lang.annotation.ElementType;
/**
* author liulei
* data
* since 1.8
* version 1.0
* Description
*/
public class Test02 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Class c1 = Object.class;//类
Class c2 = Comparable.class;//接口
Class c3 = String[].class;//数组
Class c4 = int[][].class;//二维数组
Class c5 = Override.class;//注解
Class c6 = ElementType.class;//枚举
Class c7 = Integer.class;//基本数据类型
Class c8 = void.class;//void
Class c9 = Class.class;//Class
System.out.println(c1);
System.out.println(c2);
System.out.println(c3);
System.out.println(c4);
System.out.println(c5);
System.out.println(c6);
System.out.println(c7);
System.out.println(c8);
System.out.println(c9);
//只要元素类型与维度一致,就是同一个Class
int[] a = new int[10];
int[] b =new int[100];
System.out.println(a.getClass().hashCode());
System.out.println(b.getClass().hashCode());
}
}
2.3类的加载
package Reflection;
/**
* author liulei
* data
* since 1.8
* version 1.0
* Description
*/
public class Test03 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
A a = new A();
System.out.println(A.m);
}
}
/*
1 加载到内存,会产生一个类对应的Class对象
2 链接,链接结束后 m = 0
3 初始化
<clinit>()
{
System.out.println("A类静态代码块初始化");
m = 300;
m = 100;
}
*/
class A{
static {
System.out.println("A类静态代码块初始化");
m = 300;
}
static int m = 100;
public A() {
System.out.println("A类的无参构造初始化");
}
}
3、类的初始化
package Reflection;
import java.sql.Struct;
/**
* author liulei
* data 5.22
* since 1.8
* version 1.0
* Description 类的初始化
*/
public class Test04 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws ClassNotFoundException {
//1主动引用
Son s = new Son();//new 一个实例
Class.forName("Reflection.Son");//反射会主动引用
//2 不会产生引用
System.out.println(Son.b);//子类引用父类的方法
Son[] s1 = new Son[5];//通过数组定义类引用
}
}
class Father{
static int b = 2;
static {
System.out.println("父类被加载");
}
}
class Son extends Father{
static {
System.out.println("子类被加载");
}
static int m = 100;
static final int n = 1;
}
4、类的加载作用
package Reflection;
/**
* author liulei
* data 5.22
* since 1.8
* version 1.0
* Description 三种类加载器
*/
public class Test5 {
//双亲委派机制:java.lang.String-->,多重检测,当自己写的类和跟类(rt.jar)相同时,自己写的类无效
public static void main(String[] args) throws ClassNotFoundException {
ClassLoader systemClassLoader = ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader();//系统类加载器
System.out.println(systemClassLoader);//sun.misc.Launcher$AppClassLoader@18b4aac2
ClassLoader parent = systemClassLoader.getParent();//扩展类加载器(是系统类加器的子集或父亲)
System.out.println(parent);//sun.misc.Launcher$ExtClassLoader@1b6d3586
ClassLoader parent1 = parent.getParent();//跟加载器(扩展类加载器的子集或父亲)
System.out.println(parent1);//null,因为不可访问所以为null
//测试当前类是那个加载器加载的
ClassLoader classLoader = Class.forName("Reflection.Test5").getClassLoader();//sun.misc.Launcher$AppClassLoader@18b4aac2
System.out.println(classLoader);
//获取jdk内置的类是谁加载的
ClassLoader classLoader1 = Class.forName("java.lang.Object").getClassLoader();
System.out.println(classLoader1);//null
//如何获得系统类加载器可以加载的路径
System.out.println(System.getProperty("java.class.path"));
/*
D:\Eclipse\JDK\jre\lib\charsets.jar;
D:\Eclipse\JDK\jre\lib\deploy.jar;
D:\Eclipse\JDK\jre\lib\ext\access-bridge-64.jar;
D:\Eclipse\JDK\jre\lib\ext\cldrdata.jar;
D:\Eclipse\JDK\jre\lib\ext\dnsns.jar;
D:\Eclipse\JDK\jre\lib\ext\jaccess.jar;
D:\Eclipse\JDK\jre\lib\ext\jfxrt.jar;
D:\Eclipse\JDK\jre\lib\ext\localedata.jar;
D:\Eclipse\JDK\jre\lib\ext\nashorn.jar;
D:\Eclipse\JDK\jre\lib\ext\sunec.jar;
D:\Eclipse\JDK\jre\lib\ext\sunjce_provider.jar;
D:\Eclipse\JDK\jre\lib\ext\sunmscapi.jar;
D:\Eclipse\JDK\jre\lib\ext\sunpkcs11.jar;
D:\Eclipse\JDK\jre\lib\ext\zipfs.jar;
D:\Eclipse\JDK\jre\lib\javaws.jar;
D:\Eclipse\JDK\jre\lib\jce.jar;
D:\Eclipse\JDK\jre\lib\jfr.jar;
D:\Eclipse\JDK\jre\lib\jfxswt.jar;
D:\Eclipse\JDK\jre\lib\jsse.jar;
D:\Eclipse\JDK\jre\lib\management-agent.jar;
D:\Eclipse\JDK\jre\lib\plugin.jar;
D:\Eclipse\JDK\jre\lib\resources.jar;
D:\Eclipse\JDK\jre\lib\rt.jar; //java核心库
D:\Code\IDEA\Stage01\Demo03\out\production\Demo03;//自己的目录
D:\IDEA\IntelliJ IDEA Community Edition 2020.1.1\lib\idea_rt.jar
*/
}
}
5、如何获取类的完整结构
package Reflection;
import javax.naming.Name;
import java.lang.reflect.Constructor;
import java.lang.reflect.Field;
import java.lang.reflect.Method;
/**
* author liulei
* data
* since 1.8
* version 1.0
* Description 获取运行时类的完整结构
*/
public class Test6 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws ClassNotFoundException, NoSuchFieldException, NoSuchMethodException {
Class aClass = Class.forName("Reflection.user");
System.out.println(aClass.getName());//报名+类名
System.out.println(aClass.getSimpleName());//类名
Field[] fields = aClass.getFields();//获取public的字段
System.out.println("===================================字段");
Field[] declaredFields = aClass.getDeclaredFields();//可以获取私有字段
for(Field field:fields){
System.out.println(field);//无输出
}
for (Field field1:declaredFields){
System.out.println(field1);//有输出
/*
java.lang.String Reflection.user.name
int Reflection.user.id
int Reflection.user.age
*/
}
//获得指定属性的值
Field name = aClass.getDeclaredField("name");
//获取方法
System.out.println("===============================方法");
Method[] declaredMethods = aClass.getMethods();//获取本类和父类的所有方法
for(Method m:declaredMethods){
System.out.println(m);
}
Method[] declaredMethods1 = aClass.getDeclaredMethods();//获取本类的所有方法
for(Method m1:declaredMethods1){
System.out.println(m1);
}
//获取指定属性的方法
Method getName = aClass.getDeclaredMethod("getName", null);
Method setName = aClass.getDeclaredMethod("setName", String.class);
System.out.println(getName);
System.out.println(setName);
//获取构造器
System.out.println("=======================================构造器");
Constructor[] constructors = aClass.getConstructors();
for (Constructor c:constructors){
System.out.println(c);
}
Constructor declaredConstructor = aClass.getDeclaredConstructor(String.class, int.class, int.class);
System.out.println("指定"+declaredConstructor);
}
}
class user{
private String name;
private int id;
private int age;
public user(String name, int id, int age) {
this.name = name;
this.id = id;
this.age = age;
}
public user() {
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public int getId() {
return id;
}
public int getAge() {
return age;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public void setId(int id) {
this.id = id;
}
public void setAge(int age) {
this.age = age;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "user{" +
"name='" + name + '\'' +
", id=" + id +
", age=" + age +
'}';
}
}
6、利用Class对象创建类的对象属性,方法,泛型,注解等
package Reflection;
import java.lang.reflect.Constructor;
import java.lang.reflect.Field;
import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
import java.lang.reflect.Method;
/**
* author liulei
* data 5.22
* since 1.8
* version 1.0
* Description 用Class创建对象操作类方法和属性
*/
public class Test7 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws ClassNotFoundException, IllegalAccessException, InstantiationException, NoSuchMethodException, InvocationTargetException, NoSuchFieldException {
Class<?> aClass = Class.forName("Reflection.user");
user instance =(user)aClass.newInstance();//本质是调用不参构造器创建对象
System.out.println(instance);
//通过构造器创建对象
Constructor constructor = aClass.getDeclaredConstructor(String.class,int.class,int.class);
user haha = (user)constructor.newInstance("haha", 12, 12);
System.out.println(haha);
//通过对象获取一个方法
Method setName = aClass.getDeclaredMethod("setName", String.class);
setName.invoke(instance,"我的名字");//激活该方法
System.out.println(instance.getName());
//获取对象一个属性
Field name = aClass.getDeclaredField("name");
name.setAccessible(true);//不能直接操作私有属性,需要改代码设置关闭安全监测
name.set(instance,"我的名字");
System.out.println(instance.getName());
}
}
使用反射是低效率的,
package Reflection;
import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
import java.lang.reflect.Method;
/**
* author liulei
* data 5.22
* since 1.8
* version 1.0
* Description 效率分析
*/
public class Test8 {
//普通方法调用
public static void demo01(){
user u = new user();
long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
for (int i = 0; i <= 100000000; i++){
u.getName();
}
long endtime = System.currentTimeMillis();
System.out.println(endtime-startTime);
}
//反射方法调用
public static void demo02() throws ClassNotFoundException, NoSuchMethodException, InvocationTargetException, IllegalAccessException {
user u = new user();
Class aClass = Class.forName("Reflection.user");
Method getName = aClass.getDeclaredMethod("getName");
long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
for (int i = 0; i <= 100000000; i++){
getName.invoke(u,null);
}
long endtime = System.currentTimeMillis();
System.out.println(endtime-startTime);
}
//反射方法调用,关闭监测
public static void demo03() throws ClassNotFoundException, NoSuchMethodException, InvocationTargetException, IllegalAccessException {
user u = new user();
Class aClass = Class.forName("Reflection.user");
Method getName = aClass.getDeclaredMethod("getName");
getName.setAccessible(true);
long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
for (int i = 0; i <= 100000000; i++){
getName.invoke(u,null);
}
long endtime = System.currentTimeMillis();
System.out.println(endtime-startTime);
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws ClassNotFoundException, NoSuchMethodException, IllegalAccessException, InvocationTargetException {
demo01();//3
demo02();//286
demo03();//155
//所以反射应用耗时较长,尽量不适用不必要的反射,同时需要关闭监测时尽量关闭监测可以加快时间
}
}
通过反射获取操作泛型
package Reflection;
import java.lang.reflect.Method;
import java.lang.reflect.ParameterizedType;
import java.lang.reflect.Type;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
/**
* author liulei
* data
* since 1.8
* version 1.0
* Description 通过反射获取泛型
*/
public class Test9 {
public void test01(Map<String,user> map, List<user> list){
System.out.println("test01");
}
public Map<String,user> test02(){
System.out.println("test02");
return null;
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws NoSuchMethodException {
Method test01 = Test9.class.getMethod("test01", Map.class, List.class);
Type[] genericParameterType = test01.getGenericParameterTypes();
for(Type gpt:genericParameterType){
System.out.println("gpt"+gpt);
if(gpt instanceof ParameterizedType){
Type[] actualTypeArguments = ((ParameterizedType) gpt).getActualTypeArguments();
for (Type p:actualTypeArguments){
System.out.println(actualTypeArguments);
}
}
}
Method test02 = Test9.class.getMethod("test02", null);
Type genericParameterTypess = test02.getGenericReturnType();
if(genericParameterTypess instanceof ParameterizedType){
Type[] actualTypeArguments = ((ParameterizedType) genericParameterTypess).getActualTypeArguments();
for (Type act:actualTypeArguments){
System.out.println(actualTypeArguments);
}
}
}
}
package Reflection;
import java.lang.annotation.*;
import java.lang.reflect.Field;
/**
* author liulei
* data 5.22
* since 1.8
* version 1.0
* Description 反射获取注解
*/
public class Test10 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
Class aClass = Class.forName("Reflection.student2");
Annotation[] annotations = aClass.getAnnotations();
for (Annotation a:annotations){
System.out.println(a);//属性是私有的,所以没有输出属性的注解
}
//获得注解的value的值
table t = (table) aClass.getAnnotation(table.class);
String value = t.value();
System.out.println(value);
//获得类指定的注解
Field name = aClass.getDeclaredField("name");
zidingyi annotation = name.getAnnotation(zidingyi.class);
System.out.println(annotation.columnName());
System.out.println(annotation.type());
System.out.println(annotation.length());
}
}
@table("db_student")
class student2{
@zidingyi(columnName = "db_id",type = "int",length = 10)
private int id;
@zidingyi(columnName = "db_id",type = "int",length = 10)
private int age;
@zidingyi(columnName = "db_id",type = "int",length = 10)
private String name;
public student2() {
}
public student2(int id, int age, String name) {
this.id = id;
this.age = age;
this.name = name;
}
public void setId(int id) {
this.id = id;
}
public void setAge(int age) {
this.age = age;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public int getId() {
return id;
}
public int getAge() {
return age;
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "student2{" +
"id=" + id +
", age=" + age +
", name='" + name + '\'' +
'}';
}
}
@Target(ElementType.FIELD)
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@interface zidingyi{
String columnName();
String type();
int length();
}
@Target(ElementType.TYPE)
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@interface table{
String value();
}
Class.getAnnotations() 获取所有的注解,包括自己声明的以及继承的
Class.getAnnotation(Class< A > annotationClass) 获取指定的注解,该注解可以是自己声明的,也可以是继承的
Id() {
return id;
}
public int getAge() {
return age;
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "student2{" +
"id=" + id +
", age=" + age +
", name='" + name + '\'' +
'}';
}
}
@Target(ElementType.FIELD)
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@interface zidingyi{
String columnName();
String type();
int length();
}
@Target(ElementType.TYPE)
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@interface table{
String value();
}
> Class.getAnnotations() 获取所有的注解,包括自己声明的以及继承的
> Class.getAnnotation(Class< A > annotationClass) 获取指定的注解,该注解可以是自己声明的,也可以是继承的
> Class.getDeclaredAnnotations() 获取自己声明的注解