python 笔记2

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>>> x, y, z = 1, 3, 5             //序列解包 ———— 将多个值的序列解开 让后放到变量的序列中

>>> print x, y, z

1 3 5

>>> x, y = y, x

>>> print x, y, z

3 1 5

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>>> d = {'apple': 12, 'orange': 5, 'watermelon': 2}

>>> key, value = d.popitem()

>>> key

'orange'

>>> value

5

>>> d

{'watermelon': 2, 'apple': 12}

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>>> s = 'water'            //增量赋值 

>>> s += 'melon'

>>> s

'watermelon'

>>> s *= 2

>>> s

'watermelonwatermelon'

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解释器视: False None 0 ‘’ () [] {} 为假 其他为真

>>> True == 1

True

>>> False == 0

True

>>> bool('')

False

>>> bool(2)

True

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n = raw_input('name: ')

if n.endswith('Gumby'):

    if n.startswith('Mr. ')

        print 'hello, Mr. Gumby'

    elif n.startswith('Mrs. '):

        print 'hello, Mrs. Gumby'

    else:

        print 'hello, Gumby'

else:

    print 'hello, stranger'

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>>> x = [1, 2, 3]

>>> y = [2, 4]

>>> x is not y

True

>>> del x[2]

>>> x

[1, 2]

>>> y[1] = 1

>>> y

[2, 1]

>>> y.reverse()

>>> y

[1, 2]

>>> x == y

True

>>> x is y              //is运算判断的是同一性 而不是相等性

False

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>>> chr(97)

'a'

>>> ord('b')

98

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>>> n = raw_input('name: ') or '<unknown>'            //如果raw_input语句返回值为真(不是空字符串) 那其值就赋给n 否则将默认对'<unknown>'赋值给n

name: 

>>> n

'<unknown>'

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>>> age = 24

>>> assert 0 < age < 18, 'It is adult'               //置入检查点 确保程序中某条件一定为真才能让程序正常的工作

Traceback (most recent call last):

  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>

AssertionError: It is adult

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name = ''

while not name or name.isspace()                    //条件为真时重复执行代码 也可用while not name.strip()

    name = raw_input('Please enter your name: ')

print 'Hello, %s!' % name

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>>> words = ['this', 'is', 'a', 'book']

>>> for w in words: print w

... 

this

is

a

book

>>> for n in range(1, 5): print n             //range函数包含下限 但不包含上限 若希望下限为0 可只给出上限

... 

1

2

3

4

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>>> d = {'x': 2, 'y': 4, 'z': 8}

>>> for key, value in d.items(): print key, 'corresponds to', value

... 

y corresponds to 4                  //迭代时 字典中的键和值都能保证被处理 但是处理的顺序不确定

x corresponds to 2

z corresponds to 8

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>>> names = ['damon', 'george', 'anne', 'beth']                  //并行迭代

>>> ages = [23, 11, 54, 36]

>>> for i in range(len(names)): print names[i], 'is', ages[i], 'years old'

... 

damon is 23 years old

george is 11 years old

anne is 54 years old

beth is 36 years old

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>>> names = ['damon', 'george', 'anne', 'beth']

>>> ages = [45, 61, 14, 26]

>>> zip(names, ages)

[('damon', 45), ('george', 61), ('anne', 14), ('beth', 26)]

>>> for name, age in zip(names, ages): print name, 'is', age, 'years old'           //循环中解包元组

... 

damon is 45 years old

george is 61 years old

anne is 14 years old

beth is 26 years old

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>>> zip(range(4), xrange(200000))        //处理不等长的序列 xrange不推荐用range替换 因为range会计算所有的数字 花费很长时间

[(0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3)]

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>>> list(reversed('apple'))              //reverse和sort方法是针对列表的 而不是字符串 reversed方法返回的是一个迭代对象 

['e', 'l', 'p', 'p', 'a']

>>> ''.join(reversed('apple'))

'elppa'

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from math import sort                        //寻找100以内最大平方数

for n in range(99, 0, -1): 

    root = sqrt(n)

    if root == int(root):

        print n

        break

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while True:

    w = raw_input('enter a word: ')

    if not word: break                      //不输入单词则循环结束

    print 'The word was ' + w

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>>> [x*x for x in range(10)]                  //列表推导式

[0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81]

>>> [x*x for x in range(10) if x % 3 == 0]

[0, 9, 36, 81]

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>>> [(x, y) for x in range(3) for y in range(3)]

[(0, 0), (0, 1), (0, 2), (1, 0), (1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 0), (2, 1), (2, 2)]

result = []

for x in range(3):

    for y in range(3):

        result.append((x, y))

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>>> girls = ['alice', 'bernice', 'clarice']

>>> boys = ['chris', 'arnold', 'bob']

>>> letterGirls = {}

>>> for girl in girls: letterGirls.setdefault(girl[0], []).append(girl)

... 

>>> letterGirls

{'a': ['alice'], 'c': ['clarice'], 'b': ['bernice']}

>>> print [b+'+'+g for b in boys for g in letterGirls[b[0]]]        //b[0]得到的是男孩名字的首字母 以此为字典letterGirls的引索 得到首字母相同的女孩的名字

['chris+clarice', 'arnold+alice', 'bob+bernice']                    //字符串相加

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>>> x = ['hello', 'world']

>>> y = x

>>> y[1] = 'python'

>>> x                            //x和y指向同一个列表

['hello', 'python']

>>> del x                        //删除的是变量 而不是值

>>> y

['hello', 'python']

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>>> from math import sqrt

>>> scope = {}                  //空间命名 ———— 作用域

>>> exec 'sqrt = 1' in scope

>>> sqrt(9)               //潜在的破坏性代码并不会覆盖sqrt函数 通过exec赋值的变量sqrt只在它的作用域内有效

3.0

>>> scope['sqrt']

1

>>> len(scope)

2

>>> scope.keys()

['__builtins__', 'sqrt']

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>>> scope = {}

>>> len(scope)

0

>>> scope['x'] = 2

>>> scope['y'] = 4

>>> eval('x * y', scope)

8

>>> len(scope)

3

>>> scope.keys()

['y', 'x', '__builtins__']

>>> scope = {}

>>> exec 'x = 2' in scope           //用与执行python程序相同的方式来执行字符串

>>> eval ('x * x', scope)           //对写在字符串中的表达式进行计算并且返回结果

4

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>>> def fibs(n):                           //创建函数

...     result = [0, 1]

...     for i in range(n - 2):

...         result.append(result[-2] + result[-1])

...     return result                      //return语句用来从函数中返回值 并跳出函数 return后可不跟任何值 此时返回None

... 

>>> callable(fibs)                         //判断函数是否可调用

True

>>> fibs(10)                               //当函数内部把传递进来的参数重绑定后 函数外对应的变量不会受到影响

[0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34]

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>>> def change(n): 

...     n[0] = 'Mr.Gumby'

... 

>>> names = ['Mrs.Entity', 'Mrs.Thing']

>>> change(names)

>>> names

['Mr.Gumby', 'Mrs.Thing']

>>> names = ['Mrs.Entity', 'Mrs.Thing']

>>> change(names[:])

>>> names

['Mrs.Entity', 'Mrs.Thing']

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>>> storage = {}

>>> storage['first'] = {}

>>> storage['middle'] = {}

>>> storage['last'] = {}

>>> storage

{'middle': {}, 'last': {}, 'first': {}}

>>> me = 'Magnus Lie Hetland'

>>> storage['first']['Magnus'] = [me]

>>> storage['middle']['Lie'] = [me]

>>> storage['last']['Hetland'] = [me]

>>> storage

{    'middle': {'Lie': ['Magnus Lie Hetland']}, 

     'last': {'Hetland': ['Magnus Lie Hetland']}, 

     'first': {'Magnus': ['Magnus Lie Hetland']}

}

>>> storage['middle']['Lie'] 

['Magnus Lie Hetland']

>>> my_sister = 'Anne Lie Hetland'

>>> storage['first'].setdefault('Anne', []).append(my_sister)

>>> storage

{    'middle': {'Lie': ['Magnus Lie Hetland']}, 

     'last': {'Hetland': ['Magnus Lie Hetland']}, 

     'first': {'Anne': ['Anne Lie Hetland'], 

               'Magnus': ['Magnus Lie Hetland']

              }

}

>>> storage['middle'].setdefault('Lie', []).append(my_sister)

>>> storage

{    'middle': {'Lie': ['Magnus Lie Hetland', 'Anne Lie Hetland']}, 

     'last': {'Hetland': ['Magnus Lie Hetland']}, 

     'first': {'Anne': ['Anne Lie Hetland'], 

               'Magnus': ['Magnus Lie Hetland']

              }

}

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>>> def init(data):

...     data['first'] = {}

...     data['middle'] = {}

...     data['last'] = {}

>>> storage = {}

>>> init(storage)

>>> storage

{'middle': {}, 'last': {}, 'first': {}}

>>> def lookup(data, label, name):                     //name为'first' 'middle'或'last'

...     return data[label].get(name)                   //未找到时 默认的返回值为None

>>> def store(data, full_name):

...     names = full_name.split()                      //通过拆分full_name 得到一个叫做names的列表['first', 'middle', 'last']

...     if len(names) == 2: names.insert(1, '')        //如果names长度为2 则插入一个空字符串作为中间名middle

...     labels = 'first', 'middle', 'last'             //将三个字符串作为元组储存在labels中

...     for label, name in zip(labels, names):

...             people = lookup(data, label, name)

...             if people:                                        //如果查找到 则将新名字full_name添加到原来具有相同标签的名字列表的尾部

...                     people.append(full_name)

...             else:                                             //否则 将其插入到新的对应列表中

...                     data[label][name] = [full_name]

>>> MyName = {}

>>> init(MyName)

>>> store(MyName, 'Magnus Lie Hetland')

>>> lookup(MyName, 'middle', 'Lie')

['Magnus Lie Hetland']

>>> store(MyName, 'Robin Hood')

>>> store(MyName, 'Robin Locksley')

>>> lookup(MyName, 'first', 'Robin')

['Robin Hood', 'Robin Locksley']

>>> store(MyName, 'Mr. Gumby')

>>> lookup(MyName, 'middle', '')

['Robin Hood', 'Robin Locksley', 'Mr. Gumby']

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>>> def hello(name = 'stranger', greeting = 'hello', punctuation = '!'):

...     print '%s, %s%s' % (greeting, name, punctuation)

>>> hello()

hello, stranger!

>>> hello('Gumby')

hello, Gumby!

>>> hello('Gumby', 'hi', '@#')

hi, Gumby@#

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>>> def print_params(x, y, z = 3, *pospar, **keypar):

...     print x, y, z

...     print pospar                                    //收集其余的位置参数  元组

...     print keypar                                    //收集关键字参数  字典

... 

>>> print_params(1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, a = 2, b = 6)

1 2 4

(5, 6, 7)

{'a': 2, 'b': 6}

>>> print_params(1, 2)

1 2 3

()

{}

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>>> def store(data, *full_names):

...     for full_name in full_names:                            //实现多个名字同时储存

...             names = full_name.split()

...             if len(names) == 2: names.insert(1, '')

...             labels = 'first', 'middle', 'last'

...             for label, name in zip(labels, names):

...                     people = lookup(data, label, name)

...                     if people:

...                             people.append(full_name)

...                     else:

...                             data[label][name] = [full_name]

... 

>>> d = {}

>>> init(d)

>>> store(d, 'Han Solo')

>>> store(d, 'Luke Skywalker', 'Anakin Skywalker')

>>> lookup(d, 'last', 'Skywalker')

['Luke Skywalker', 'Anakin Skywalker']

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>>> def with_star(**data):                                      //允许使用不定数目的参数

...     print data['name'], 'is', data['age'], 'years old'

... 

>>> args = {'name': 'Mr. Gumby', 'age': 28}

>>> with_star(**args)                                           //分割字典或是序列

Mr. Gumby is 28 years old

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>>> def power(x, y, *others):

...     if others:

...             print 'others: ', others

...     return pow(x, y)

... 

>>> p = (5,)*2

>>> power(*p)

3125

>>> p = (5,)*4

>>> power(*p)

others:  (5, 5)

3125

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>>> x = 1

>>> scope = vars()                      //赋值后 x引用到值1 类似于一个字典 vars函数可以返回这个"不可见的"字典(命名空间或作用域)

>>> scope['x']

1

>>> scope['x'] += 1

>>> x

2

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除全局作用域外 每个函数调用都会创建一个新的作用域(局部命名空间) 这个新的作用域作用于函数内的代码 不对外部产生影响

在函数内部声明全局变量 global x

在函数内部获取与局部变量或参数名字相同的全局变量 globals()['parameter']

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def factorial(n):                          //阶乘

...     result = n

...     for i in range(1, n):

...             result *= i

...     return result

... 

>>> factorial(4)

24

>>> def factorial(n):                     //递归实现

...     if n == 1:

...             return 1

...     else:

...             return n * factorial(n-1)

... 

>>> factorial(5)

120

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>>> def power(x, n):                           //(整数)幂运算

...     result = 1

...     for i in range(n):

...             result *= x

...     return result

... 

>>> power(3, 4)

81

>>> def power(x, n):                           //递归实现

...     if n == 0:

...             return 1

...     else:

...             return x * power(x, n-1)

... 

>>> power(4, 3)

64

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>>> map(str, range(5))              //[str(i) for i in range(5)] map函数可将序列中的元素全部传递给一个函数

['0', '1', '2', '3', '4']

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>>> def func(x):

...     return x.isalnum()                //判断字符变量x是否只含有字母或数字

... 

>>> func('app')

True

>>> seq = ['9*2', 'x80', 'ban!', '36']

>>> filter(func, seq)                     //返回其函数为真的元素的列表

['x80', '36']

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