机器学习算法（AI入门体验）Task01：基于逻辑回归的分类预测

1. 逻辑回归的介绍
   逻辑回归（Logistic regression，简称LR）虽然其中带有"回归"两个字，但逻辑回归其实是一个分类模型，并且广泛应用于各个领域之中。
   逻辑回归模型的优劣势：
   优点：实现简单，易于理解和实现；计算代价不高，速度很快，存储资源低
   缺点：容易欠拟合，分类精度可能不高
2. Demo实践

## 基础函数库
import numpy as np 
## 导入画图库
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import seaborn as sns
## 导入逻辑回归模型函数
from sklearn.linear_model import LogisticRegression
## 构造数据集
x_fearures = np.array([[-1, -2], [-2, -1], [-3, -2], [1, 3], [2, 1], [3, 2]])
y_label = np.array([0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1])
## 调用逻辑回归模型
lr_clf = LogisticRegression()
## 用逻辑回归模型拟合构造的数据集
lr_clf = lr_clf.fit(x_fearures, y_label) #其拟合方程为 y=w0+w1*x1+w2*x2
## 查看其对应模型的w
print('the weight of Logistic Regression:',lr_clf.coef_)
## 查看其对应模型的w0
print('the intercept(w0) of Logistic Regression:',lr_clf.intercept_)

输出结果：

the weight of Logistic Regression: [[0.73455784 0.69539712]]
the intercept(w0) of Logistic Regression: [-0.13139986]

## 可视化构造的数据样本点
plt.figure()
plt.scatter(x_fearures[:,0],x_fearures[:,1], c=y_label, s=50, cmap='viridis')
plt.title('Dataset')
plt.show()

输出结果：

# 可视化决策边界
plt.figure()
plt.scatter(x_fearures[:,0],x_fearures[:,1], c=y_label, s=50, cmap='viridis')
plt.title('Dataset')
nx, ny = 200, 100
x_min, x_max = plt.xlim()
y_min, y_max = plt.ylim()
x_grid, y_grid = np.meshgrid(np.linspace(x_min, x_max, nx),np.linspace(y_min, y_max, ny))
z_proba = lr_clf.predict_proba(np.c_[x_grid.ravel(), y_grid.ravel()])
z_proba = z_proba[:, 1].reshape(x_grid.shape)
plt.contour(x_grid, y_grid, z_proba, [0.5], linewidths=2., colors='blue')
plt.show()

输出结果：

### 可视化预测新样本

plt.figure()
## new point 1
x_fearures_new1 = np.array([[0, -1]])
plt.scatter(x_fearures_new1[:,0],x_fearures_new1[:,1], s=50, cmap='viridis')
plt.annotate(s='New point 1',xy=(0,-1),xytext=(-2,0),color='blue',arrowprops=dict(arrowstyle='-|>',connectionstyle='arc3',color='red'))

## new point 2
x_fearures_new2 = np.array([[1, 2]])
plt.scatter(x_fearures_new2[:,0],x_fearures_new2[:,1], s=50, cmap='viridis')
plt.annotate(s='New point 2',xy=(1,2),xytext=(-1.5,2.5),color='red',arrowprops=dict(arrowstyle='-|>',connectionstyle='arc3',color='red'))

## 训练样本
plt.scatter(x_fearures[:,0],x_fearures[:,1], c=y_label, s=50, cmap='viridis')
plt.title('Dataset')

# 可视化决策边界
plt.contour(x_grid, y_grid, z_proba, [0.5], linewidths=2., colors='blue')

plt.show()

输出结果：

##在训练集和测试集上分布利用训练好的模型进行预测
y_label_new1_predict=lr_clf.predict(x_fearures_new1)
y_label_new2_predict=lr_clf.predict(x_fearures_new2)
print('The New point 1 predict class:\n',y_label_new1_predict)
print('The New point 2 predict class:\n',y_label_new2_predict)
##由于逻辑回归模型是概率预测模型（前文介绍的p = p(y=1|x,\theta)）,所有我们可以利用predict_proba函数预测其概率
y_label_new1_predict_proba=lr_clf.predict_proba(x_fearures_new1)
y_label_new2_predict_proba=lr_clf.predict_proba(x_fearures_new2)
print('The New point 1 predict Probability of each class:\n',y_label_new1_predict_proba)
print('The New point 2 predict Probability of each class:\n',y_label_new2_predict_proba)

输出结果：

The New point 1 predict class:
 [0]
The New point 2 predict class:
 [1]
The New point 1 predict Probability of each class:
 [[0.69567724 0.30432276]]
The New point 2 predict Probability of each class:
 [[0.11983936 0.88016064]]