这是一篇2024年的Docker详细教程，涵盖从安装Docker，配置镜像源，到使用Docker搭建LNMP（Nginx、MySQL、PHP）、Java开发环境。内容包括容器命令、数据卷管理、镜像发布到阿里云和私有仓库，以及使用docker-compose进行服务编排。
2024年最新整理docker入门教程，docker compose教程，docker搭建lnmp环境，docker搭建java开发环境。只需记住docker、image、container三个单词，再知道怎么使用，docker就够了。
docker入门教程
1. 前序
1.1 终端安装jdk软件
# 第1步 切换到家目录
cd
# 第2步 下载jdk
wget -c https://repo.huaweicloud.com/java/jdk/8u151-b12/jdk-8u151-linux-x64.tar.gz
# 第3步 新建/opt/java目录
mkdir /opt/java
# 第4步 解压jdk至/opt/java目录下
tar -xvf jdk-8u151-linux-x64.tar.gz -C /opt/java
# 第5步 设置软链接 PATH
ln -s /opt/java/jdk1.8.0_151/bin/java /usr/sbin/java
# 第6步 java命令是否可用
java -version
# 第7步 删除下载软件压缩包
rm -f jdk-8u151-linux-x64.tar.gz
1.2 shell脚本安装jdk软件
#!/usr/bin/env bash
# 遇到错误会直接退出，不会继续往下执行脚本
set -e
# 定义变量
# 定义软件安装目录
soft_dir="/opt/java"
soft_file="jdk-8u151-linux-x64.tar.gz"
config_file="/etc/profile.d/java.sh"
# cd到家目录
cd
# 下载软件
wget -c https://repo.huaweicloud.com/java/jdk/8u151-b12/${soft_file}
# 新建/opt/java目录
if [ -e ${soft_dir} ];then
rm -rf ${soft_dir}
mkdir ${soft_dir}
else
mkdir ${soft_dir}
fi
# 指定目录进行解压
tar -xvf ${soft_file} -C ${soft_dir}
# 新建/etc/profile.d/java.sh
if [ -e ${config_file} ];then
rm -f ${config_file}
touch ${config_file}
else
touch ${config_file}
fi
JAVA_HOME=${soft_dir}'/jdk1.8.0_151'
CLASSPATH='.:'${JAVA_HOME}'/lib'
PATH=${JAVA_HOME}'/bin:'${
PATH}
echo "JAVA_HOME=${JAVA_HOME}" >> ${config_file}
echo "CLASSPATH=${CLASSPATH}" >> ${config_file}
echo "PATH=${
PATH}" >> ${config_file}
echo "export JAVA_HOME CLASSPATH PATH" >> ${config_file}
# 刷新环境变量文件
source ${config_file}
# 检测java是否安装好了
java -version
if [ $? == 0 ];then
echo "jdk安装成功"
fi
rm -f ${soft_file}
exit 0
在终端运行安装jdk脚本(假如这个脚本名称叫install_jdk.sh)
./install_jdk.sh
# 如果用上面方式会报错，那么就用这种方式执行脚本
source install_jdk.sh
小结：
1、小公司运维，采用上面两种方式安装项目环境，工作量也大不到哪里；如果大公司运维，需要安装环境特别多，需要安装的软件很多，累死；
2、同样的命令，同样的CentOS的系统，可能会出现不同的问题，还是需要Docker容器技术。
2. 初识Docker
2.1 Docker介绍
docker，名词，翻译成中文：码头工人
docker是一个软件
docker是一个运行于Linux系统上的软件，用于创建、管理和编排容器
docker容器与传统虚拟机比较
| 特性 | 容器 | 虚拟机 |
|---|---|---|
| 启动 | 秒级 | 分钟级 |
| 硬盘使用 | 一般为MB | 一般为GB |
| 性能 | 接近原生 | 弱 |
| 单机支持量 | 上千容器 | 一般几十个 |
使用docker前后比较
2.2 Docker安装
docker安装前提
Docker使用了Linux内核的容器特性，依赖于Linux。在Windows和macOS 系统上，Docker得通过虚拟Linux内核的方式来完成任务。
Linux内核版本为3.8以上的64位系统
[root@hecs-141089 docker]# uname -r
3.10.0-1160.92.1.el7.x86_64
CentOs安装docker
卸载旧版本
https://docs.docker.com/engine/install/centos/
yum remove docker \
docker-client \
docker-client-latest \
docker-common \
docker-latest \
docker-latest-logrotate \
docker-logrotate \
docker-engine
安装需要的软件
安装yum-utils包(提供yum-config-manager 实用程序)并设置稳定的存储库
# 官网要求
yum install -y yum-utils
# 推荐使用使用阿里的docker镜像仓库,国外的镜像仓库是比较慢的
yum-config-manager --add-repo http://mirrors.aliyun.com/docker-ce/linux/centos/docker-ce.repo
更新yum软件包索引
# 更新yum软件包索引
yum makecache fast
安装docker-ce
yum -y install docker-ce docker-ce-cli containerd.io
卸载
systemctl stop docker
yum remove docker-ce docker-ce-cli containerd.io
rm -rf /var/lib/docker
rm -rf /var/lib/containerd
2.3 配置镜像源
镜像源可以理解为一台存放了很多镜像软件的服务器，可以通过URL进行访问下载。
国内常见镜像源
# Docker中国区官方镜像
https://registry.docker-cn.com
# 网易
http://hub-mirror.c.163.com
# ustc(中国科学技术大学)
https://docker.mirrors.ustc.edu.cn
配置镜像源流程
# 1、在/etc/docker目录中添加daemon.json文件，内容如下：
{
"registry-mirrors": ["http://hub-mirror.c.163.com","https://registry.docker-cn.com","https://docker.mirrors.ustc.edu.cn"]
}
# 2、重启docker服务
systemctl daemon-reload
systemctl restart docker
# 3、查看是否配置成功
docker info
3 Docker服务相关命令
# Docker服务启动命令
systemctl start docker
# Docker服务停止命令
systemctl stop docker
# Docker服务状态查看命令
systemctl status docker
# 设置Docker服务开机自启
systemctl enable docker
docker帮助信息
[root@hecs-141089 ~]# docker --help
Usage: docker [OPTIONS] COMMAND
A self-sufficient runtime for containers
Common Commands:
run Create and run a new container from an image
exec Execute a command in a running container
ps List containers
build Build an image from a Dockerfile
pull Download an image from a registry
push Upload an image to a registry
images List images
login Log in to a registry
logout Log out from a registry
search Search Docker Hub for images
version Show the Docker version information
info Display system-wide information
Management Commands:
builder Manage builds
buildx* Docker Buildx (Docker Inc., v0.11.2)
compose* Docker Compose (Docker Inc., v2.21.0)
container Manage containers
context Manage contexts
image Manage images
manifest Manage Docker image manifests and manifest lists
network Manage networks
plugin Manage plugins
system Manage Docker
trust Manage trust on Docker images
volume Manage volumes
Swarm Commands:
swarm Manage Swarm
Commands:
attach Attach local standard input, output, and error streams to a running container
commit Create a new image from a container's changes
cp Copy files/folders between a container and the local filesystem
create Create a new container
diff Inspect changes to files or directories on a container's filesystem
events Get real time events from the server
export Export a container's filesystem as a tar archive
history Show the history of an image
import Import the contents from a tarball to create a filesystem image
inspect Return low-level information on Docker objects
kill Kill one or more running containers
load Load an image from a tar archive or STDIN
logs Fetch the logs of a container
pause Pause all processes within one or more containers
port List port mappings or a specific mapping for the container
rename Rename a container
restart Restart one or more containers
rm Remove one or more containers
rmi Remove one or more images
save Save one or more images to a tar archive (streamed to STDOUT by default)
start Start one or more stopped containers
stats Display a live stream of container(s) resource usage statistics
stop Stop one or more running containers
tag Create a tag TARGET_IMAGE that refers to SOURCE_IMAGE
top Display the running processes of a container
unpause Unpause all processes within one or more containers
update Update configuration of one or more containers
wait Block until one or more containers stop, then print their exit codes
Global Options:
--config string Location of client config files (default "/root/.docker")
-c, --context string Name of the context to use to connect to the daemon (overrides DOCKER_HOST env var and default
context set with "docker context use")
-D, --debug Enable debug mode
-H, --host list Daemon socket to connect to
-l, --log-level string Set the logging level ("debug", "info", "warn", "error", "fatal") (default "info")
--tls Use TLS; implied by --tlsverify
--tlscacert string Trust certs signed only by this CA (default "/root/.docker/ca.pem")
--tlscert string Path to TLS certificate file (default "/root/.docker/cert.pem")
--tlskey string Path to TLS key file (default "/root/.docker/key.pem")
--tlsverify Use TLS and verify the remote
-v, --version Print version information and quit
Run 'docker COMMAND --help' for more information on a command.
For more help on how to use Docker, head to https://docs.docker.com/go/guides/
4. Docker镜像相关命令
镜像帮助信息
[root@hecs-141089 ~]# docker image --help
Usage: docker image COMMAND
Manage images
Commands:
build Build an image from a Dockerfile
history Show the history of an image
import Import the contents from a tarball to create a filesystem image
inspect Display detailed information on one or more images
load Load an image from a tar archive or STDIN
ls List images
prune Remove unused images
pull Download an image from a registry
push Upload an image to a registry
rm Remove one or more images
save Save one or more images to a tar archive (streamed to STDOUT by default)
tag Create a tag TARGET_IMAGE that refers to SOURCE_IMAGE
Run 'docker image COMMAND --help' for more information on a command.
4.1 查看镜像
语法：
# 查看本地所有镜像
docker images
# 查看本地所有镜像id
docker images -q
示例：
[root@hecs-141089 ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE
debian latest 0ce03c8a15ec 2 weeks ago 117MB
各个选项说明：
-
REPOSITORY：表示镜像的仓库源
-
TAG：镜像的标签版本号
-
IMAGE ID：镜像ID
-
CREATED：镜像创建时间
-
SIZE：镜像大小
同一个仓库源可以有多个TAG版本，代表这个仓库源的拥有镜像多个版本，可以使用
REPOSITORY:TAG指定唯一镜像。如果不指定TAG版本，则默认是最新版本(latest)
4.2 查找镜像
语法：
# 从网络中查找镜像源
docker search 镜像名称
示例：
# 搜索官方镜像
[root@hecs-141089 ~]# docker search ubuntu --filter is-official=true
NAME DESCRIPTION STARS OFFICIAL AUTOMATED
ubuntu Ubuntu is a Debian-based Linux operating sys… 16653 [OK]
websphere-liberty WebSphere Liberty multi-architecture images … 297 [OK]
open-liberty Open Liberty multi-architecture images based… 62 [OK]
neurodebian NeuroDebian provides neuroscience research s… 105 [OK]
ubuntu-debootstrap DEPRECATED; use "ubuntu" instead 52 [OK]
ubuntu-upstart DEPRECATED, as is Upstart (find other proces… 115 [OK]
# 搜索收藏大于等于60的镜像
[root@hecs-141089 ~]# docker search ubuntu --filter stars=60
NAME DESCRIPTION STARS OFFICIAL AUTOMATED
ubuntu Ubuntu is a Debian-based Linux operating sys… 16653 [OK]
websphere-liberty WebSphere Liberty multi-architecture images … 297 [OK]
open-liberty Open Liberty multi-architecture images based… 62 [OK]
neurodebian NeuroDebian provides neuroscience research s… 105 [OK]
ubuntu-upstart DEPRECATED, as is Upstart (find other proces… 115 [OK]
ubuntu/nginx Nginx, a high-performance reverse proxy & we… 103
ubuntu/squid Squid is a caching proxy for the Web. Long-t… 73
ubuntu/apache2 Apache, a secure & extensible open-source HT… 67
ubuntu/bind9 BIND 9 is a very flexible, full-featured DNS… 65
# 搜索官方镜像并且收藏数大于等于60
[root@hecs-141089 ~]# docker search ubuntu --filter stars=60 --filter is-official=true
NAME DESCRIPTION STARS OFFICIAL AUTOMATED
ubuntu Ubuntu is a Debian-based Linux operating sys… 16653 [OK]
websphere-liberty WebSphere Liberty multi-architecture images … 297 [OK]
open-liberty Open Liberty multi-architecture images based… 62 [OK]
neurodebian NeuroDebian provides neuroscience research s… 105 [OK]
ubuntu-upstart DEPRECATED, as is Upstart (find other proces… 115 [OK]
4.3 拉取镜像
语法：
# 从Docker仓库拉取(下载)镜像到本地
# 镜像名称格式(名称:版本号),如果不指定版本号则是最新的版本,如果需要指定版本号,则可以去docker hub仓库搜索查看
docker pull 镜像名称
示例：
[root@hecs-141089 ~]# docker image pull --help
Usage: docker image pull [OPTIONS] NAME[:TAG|@DIGEST]
Download an image from a registry
Aliases:
docker image pull, docker pull
Options:
-a, --all-tags Download all tagged images in the repository
--disable-content-trust Skip image verification (default true)
--platform string Set platform if server is multi-platform capable
-q, --quiet Suppress verbose output
[root@hecs-141089 ~]# docker pull -a redis
# 下载过程省略....
[root@hecs-141089 ~]# docker images | grep redis
redis 2-32bit 19865a7ae96c 7 years ago 203MB
redis 2.8-32bit 19865a7ae96c 7 years ago 203MB
redis 2 481995377a04 7 years ago 186MB
redis 2.8 481995377a04 7 years ago 186MB
redis 2.6-32bit 62b0a5c3ea45 7 years ago 158MB
redis 2.6.17-32bit 62b0a5c3ea45 7 years ago 158MB
redis 2.6 a081f7d44c38 7 years ago 150MB
redis 2.6.17 a081f7d44c38 7 years ago 150MB
redis 2.8.19 dd9fe7db5236 8 years ago 111MB
redis 2.8.18 5f9a9a936de2 8 years ago 111MB
redis 
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