【算法】LRU CACHE

Design and implement a data structure for Least Recently Used (LRU) cache. It should support the following operations: get and set.

get(key) - Get the value (will always be positive) of the key if the key exists in the cache, otherwise return -1.

set(key, value) - Set or insert the value if the key is not already present. When the cache reached its capacity, it should invalidate the least recently used item before inserting a new item.

这是LeetCode上的一道实现LRU CACHE的题目，在面试360的时候也被问到了这个

LRU缓存：

LRU是Least Recently Used 的缩写，翻译过来就是“最近最少使用”，也就是说，LRU缓存把最近最少使用的数据删除，让给最新读取的数据。而往往最常读取的，也是读取次数最多的，所以，利用LRU缓存，我们能够提高系统的performance.

实现：

要实现LRU缓存，我们首先要用到一个类 LinkedHashMap。 用这个类有两大好处：一是它本身已经实现了按照访问顺序的存储，也就是说，最近读取的会放在最前面，最最不常读取的会放在最后（当然，它也可以实现按照插入顺序存储）。第二，LinkedHashMap本身有一个方法用于判断是否需要移除最不常读取的数，但是，原始方法默认不需要移除（这时LinkedHashMap相当于一个linkedlist），所以，我们需要override这样一个方法，使得当缓存里存放的数据个数超过规定个数后，就把最不常用的移除掉。

// Copyright 2007 Christian d'Heureuse, Inventec Informatik AG, Zurich, Switzerland
// www.source-code.biz, www.inventec.ch/chdh
//
// This module is multi-licensed and may be used under the terms
// of any of the following licenses:
//
//  EPL, Eclipse Public License, V1.0 or later, http://www.eclipse.org/legal
//  LGPL, GNU Lesser General Public License, V2 or later, http://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl.html
//  GPL, GNU General Public License, V2 or later, http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html
//  AL, Apache License, V2.0 or later, http://www.apache.org/licenses
//  BSD, BSD License, http://www.opensource.org/licenses/bsd-license.php
//
// Please contact the author if you need another license.
// This module is provided "as is", without warranties of any kind.

import java.util.LinkedHashMap;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.ArrayList;

/**
 * An LRU cache, based on <code>LinkedHashMap</code>.
 *
 * <p>
 * This cache has a fixed maximum number of elements (<code>cacheSize</code>).
 * If the cache is full and another entry is added, the LRU (least recently
 * used) entry is dropped.
 *
 * <p>
 * This class is thread-safe. All methods of this class are synchronized.
 *
 * <p>
 * Author: Christian d'Heureuse, Inventec Informatik AG, Zurich, Switzerland<br>
 * Multi-licensed: EPL / LGPL / GPL / AL / BSD.
 */
public class LRUCache<K, V> {

	private static final float hashTableLoadFactor = 0.75f;

	private LinkedHashMap<K, V> map;
	private int cacheSize;

	/**
	 * Creates a new LRU cache.
	 * 
	 * @param cacheSize
	 *            the maximum number of entries that will be kept in this cache.
	 */
	public LRUCache(int cacheSize) {
		this.cacheSize = cacheSize;
		int hashTableCapacity = (int) Math.ceil(cacheSize / hashTableLoadFactor) + 1;
		map = new LinkedHashMap<K, V>(hashTableCapacity, hashTableLoadFactor, true) {
			// (an anonymous inner class)
			private static final long serialVersionUID = 1;

			@Override
			protected boolean removeEldestEntry(Map.Entry<K, V> eldest) {
				return size() > LRUCache.this.cacheSize;
			}
		};
	}

	/**
	 * Retrieves an entry from the cache.<br>
	 * The retrieved entry becomes the MRU (most recently used) entry.
	 * 
	 * @param key
	 *            the key whose associated value is to be returned.
	 * @return the value associated to this key, or null if no value with this
	 *         key exists in the cache.
	 */
	public synchronized V get(K key) {
		return map.get(key);
	}

	/**
	 * Adds an entry to this cache. The new entry becomes the MRU (most recently
	 * used) entry. If an entry with the specified key already exists in the
	 * cache, it is replaced by the new entry. If the cache is full, the LRU
	 * (least recently used) entry is removed from the cache.
	 * 
	 * @param key
	 *            the key with which the specified value is to be associated.
	 * @param value
	 *            a value to be associated with the specified key.
	 */
	public synchronized void put(K key, V value) {
		map.put(key, value);
	}

	/**
	 * Clears the cache.
	 */
	public synchronized void clear() {
		map.clear();
	}

	/**
	 * Returns the number of used entries in the cache.
	 * 
	 * @return the number of entries currently in the cache.
	 */
	public synchronized int usedEntries() {
		return map.size();
	}

	/**
	 * Returns a <code>Collection</code> that contains a copy of all cache
	 * entries.
	 * 
	 * @return a <code>Collection</code> with a copy of the cache content.
	 */
	public synchronized Collection<Map.Entry<K, V>> getAll() {
		return new ArrayList<Map.Entry<K, V>>(map.entrySet());
	}

} // end class LRUCache

import java.util.Map;

// Test program for the LRUCache class.
public class TestLRUCache {

public static void main (String[] args) {
   LRUCache<String,String> c = new LRUCache<String, String>(3);
   c.put ("1", "one");                           // 1
   c.put ("2", "two");                           // 2 1
   c.put ("3", "three");                         // 3 2 1
   c.put ("4", "four");                          // 4 3 2
   if (c.get("2") == null) throw new Error();    // 2 4 3
   c.put ("5", "five");                          // 5 2 4
   c.put ("4", "second four");                   // 4 5 2
   // Verify cache content.
   if (c.usedEntries() != 3)              throw new Error();
   if (!c.get("4").equals("second four")) throw new Error();
   if (!c.get("5").equals("five"))        throw new Error();
   if (!c.get("2").equals("two"))         throw new Error();
   // List cache content.
   for (Map.Entry<String, String> e : c.getAll())
      System.out.println (e.getKey() + " : " + e.getValue()); }

} // end class TestLRUCache

另外一种实现方法请参考： 缓存策略之LRU实现(基于双链表实现)