内核中的互斥之我见

看了前面各位的讨论,我也有些想法,与大家商榷。 需要澄清的是,互斥手段的选择,不是根据临界区的大小,而是根据临界区的性质,以及 有哪些部分的代码,即哪些内核执行路径来争夺。 从严格意义上说,semaphore和spinlock_XXX属于不同层次的互斥手段,前者的 实现有赖于后者,这有点象HTTP和TCP的关系,都是协议,但层次是不同的。 先说semaphore,它是进程级的,用于多个进程之间对资源的互斥,虽然也是在 内核中,但是该内核执行路径是以进程的身份,代表进程来争夺资源的。如果 竞争不上,会有context switch,进程可以去sleep,但CPU不会停,会接着运行 其他的执行路径。从概念上说,这和单CPU或多CPU没有直接的关系,只是在 semaphore本身的实现上,为了保证semaphore结构存取的原子性,在多CPU中需要 spinlock来互斥。 在内核中,更多的是要保持内核各个执行路径之间的数据访问互斥,这是最基本的 互斥问题,即保持数据修改的原子性。semaphore的实现,也要依赖这个。在单CPU 中,主要是中断和bottom_half的问题,因此,开关中断就可以了。在多CPU中, 又加上了其他CPU的干扰,因此需要spinlock来帮助。这两个部分结合起来, 就形成了spinlock_XXX。它的特点是,一旦CPU进入了spinlock_XXX,它就不会 干别的,而是一直空转,直到锁定成功为止。因此,这就决定了被 spinlock_XXX锁住的临界区不能停,更不能context switch,要存取完数据后赶快 出来,以便其他的在空转的执行路径能够获得spinlock。这也是spinlock的原则 所在。如果当前执行路径一定要进行context switch,那就要在schedule()之前 释放spinlock,否则,容易死锁。因为在中断和bh中,没有context,无法进行 context switch,只能空转等待spinlock,你context switch走了,谁知道猴年 马月才能回来。 因为spinlock的原意和目的就是保证数据修改的原子性,因此也没有理由在spinlock 锁住的临界区中停留。 spinlock_XXX有很多形式,有 spin_lock()/spin_unlock(), spin_lock_irq()/spin_unlock_irq(), spin_lock_irqsave/spin_unlock_irqrestore() spin_lock_bh()/spin_unlock_bh() local_irq_disable/local_irq_enable local_bh_disable/local_bh_enable 那么,在什么情况下具体用哪个呢?这要看是在什么内核执行路径中,以及要与哪些内核 执行路径相互斥。我们知道,内核中的执行路径主要有: 1 用户进程的内核态,此时有进程context,主要是代表进程在执行系统调用 等。 2 中断或者异常或者自陷等,从概念上说,此时没有进程context,不能进行 context switch。 3 bottom_half,从概念上说,此时也没有进程context。 4 同时,相同的执行路径还可能在其他的CPU上运行。 这样,考虑这四个方面的因素,通过判断我们要互斥的数据会被这四个因素中 的哪几个来存取,就可以决定具体使用哪种形式的spinlock。如果只要和其他CPU 互斥,就要用spin_lock/spin_unlock,如果要和irq及其他CPU互斥,就要用 spin_lock_irq/spin_unlock_irq,如果既要和irq及其他CPU互斥,又要保存 EFLAG的状态,就要用spin_lock_irqsave/spin_unlock_irqrestore,如果 要和bh及其他CPU互斥,就要用spin_lock_bh/spin_unlock_bh,如果不需要和 其他CPU互斥,只要和irq互斥,则用local_irq_disable/local_irq_enable, 如果不需要和其他CPU互斥,只要和bh互斥,则用local_bh_disable/local_bh_enable, 等等。值得指出的是,对同一个数据的互斥,在不同的内核执行路径中, 所用的形式有可能不同(见下面的例子)。 举一个例子。在中断部分中有一个irq_desc_t类型的结构数组变量irq_desc[], 该数组每个成员对应一个irq的描述结构,里面有该irq的响应函数等。 在irq_desc_t结构中有一个spinlock,用来保证存取(修改)的互斥。 对于具体一个irq成员,irq_desc[irq],对其存取的内核执行路径有两个,一是 在设置该irq的响应函数时(setup_irq),这通常发生在module的初始化阶段,或 系统的初始化阶段;二是在中断响应函数中(do_IRQ)。代码如下: int setup_irq(unsigned int irq, struct irqaction * new) { int shared = 0; unsigned long flags; struct irqaction *old, **p; irq_desc_t *desc = irq_desc + irq; /* * Some drivers like serial.c use request_irq() heavily, * so we have to be careful not to interfere with a * running system. */ if (new->flags & SA_SAMPLE_RANDOM) { /* * This function might sleep, we want to call it first, * outside of the atomic block. * Yes, this might clear the entropy pool if the wrong * driver is attempted to be loaded, without actually * installing a new handler, but is this really a problem, * only the sysadmin is able to do this. */ rand_initialize_irq(irq); } /* * The following block of code has to be executed atomically */ [1] spin_lock_irqsave(&desc->lock,flags); p = &desc->action; if ((old = *p) != NULL) { /* Can't share interrupts unless both agree to */ if (!(old->flags & new->flags & SA_SHIRQ)) { [2] spin_unlock_irqrestore(&desc->lock,flags); return -EBUSY; } /* add new interrupt at end of irq queue */ do { p = &old->next; old = *p; } while (old); shared = 1; } *p = new; if (!shared) { desc->depth = 0; desc->status &= ~(IRQ_DISABLED | IRQ_AUTODETECT |IRQ_WAITING); desc->handler->startup(irq); } [3] spin_unlock_irqrestore(&desc->lock,flags); register_irq_proc(irq); return 0; } asmlinkage unsigned int do_IRQ(struct pt_regs regs) { /* * We ack quickly, we don't want the irq controller * thinking we're snobs just because some other CPU has * disabled global interrupts (we have already done the * INT_ACK cycles, it's too late to try to pretend to the * controller that we aren't taking the interrupt). * * 0 return value means that this irq is already being * handled by some other CPU. (or is disabled) */ int irq = regs.orig_eax & 0xff; /* high bits used in ret_from_ code */ int cpu = smp_processor_id(); irq_desc_t *desc = irq_desc + irq; struct irqaction * action; unsigned int status; kstat.irqs[cpu][irq]++; [4] spin_lock(&desc->lock); desc->handler->ack(irq); /* REPLAY is when Linux resends an IRQ that was dropped earlier WAITING is used by probe to mark irqs that are being tested */ status = desc->status & ~(IRQ_REPLAY | IRQ_WAITING); status |= IRQ_PENDING; /* we _want_ to handle it */ /* * If the IRQ is disabled for whatever reason, we cannot * use the action we have. */ action = NULL; if (!(status & (IRQ_DISABLED | IRQ_INPROGRESS))) { action = desc->action; status &= ~IRQ_PENDING; /* we commit to handling */ status |= IRQ_INPROGRESS; /* we are handling it */ } desc->status = status; /* * If there is no IRQ handler or it was disabled, exit early. Since we set PENDING, if another processor is handling a different instance of this same irq, the other processor will take care of it. */ if (!action) goto out; /* * Edge triggered interrupts need to remember * pending events. * This applies to any hw interrupts that allow a second * instance of the same irq to arrive while we are in do_IRQ * or in the handler. But the code here only handles the _second_ * instance of the irq, not the third or fourth. So it is mostly * useful for irq hardware that does not mask cleanly in an * SMP environment. */ for (;;) { [5] spin_unlock(&desc->lock); handle_IRQ_event(irq, ®s, action); [6] spin_lock(&desc->lock); if (!(desc->status & IRQ_PENDING)) break; desc->status &= ~IRQ_PENDING; } desc->status &= ~IRQ_INPROGRESS; out: /* * The ->end() handler has to deal with interrupts which got * disabled while the handler was running. */ desc->handler->end(irq); [7] spin_unlock(&desc->lock); if (softirq_pending(cpu)) do_softirq(); return 1; } 在setup_irq()中,因为其他CPU可能同时在运行setup_irq(),或者在运行setup_irq()时, 本地irq中断来了,要执行do_IRQ()以修改desc->status。为了同时防止来自其他CPU和 本地irq中断的干扰,如[1][2][3]处所示,使用了spin_lock_irqsave/spin_unlock_irqrestore() 而在do_IRQ()中,因为do_IRQ()本身是在中断中,而且此时还没有开中断,本CPU中没有 什么可以中断其运行,其他CPU则有可能在运行setup_irq(),或者也在中断中,但这二者 对本地do_IRQ()的影响没有区别,都是来自其他CPU的干扰,因此只需要用spin_lock/spin_unlock , 如[4][5][6][7]处所示。值得注意的是[5]处,先释放该spinlock,再调用具体的响应函数。 再举个例子: static void tasklet_hi_action(struct softirq_action *a) { int cpu = smp_processor_id(); struct tasklet_struct *list; [8] local_irq_disable(); list = tasklet_hi_vec[cpu].list; tasklet_hi_vec[cpu].list = NULL; [9] local_irq_enable(); while (list) { struct tasklet_struct *t = list; list = list->next; if (tasklet_trylock(t)) { if (!atomic_read(&t->count)) { if (!test_and_clear_bit(TASKLET_STATE_SCHED,&t->state)) BUG(); t->func(t->data); tasklet_unlock(t); continue; } tasklet_unlock(t); } [10] local_irq_disable(); t->next = tasklet_hi_vec[cpu].list; tasklet_hi_vec[cpu].list = t; __cpu_raise_softirq(cpu, HI_SOFTIRQ); [11] local_irq_enable(); } } 这里,对tasklet_hi_vec[cpu]的修改,不存在CPU之间的竞争,因为每个CPU有各自独立的数据, 所以只要防止irq的干扰,用local_irq_disable/local_irq_enable即可,如[8][9][10][11]处 所示。

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